Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are essential components of diverse intracellular signaling pathways. In addition to their involvement in apoptosis, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are crucial in the regulation of multiple developmental and physiological processes. This review aims to summarize their role in the regulation of key ovarian stages: ovulation, maturation and postovulatory ageing of the oocyte, and the formation and regression of the corpus luteum. At the cellular level, a mild increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species is associated with the initiation of a number of regulatory mechanisms, which might be suppressed by increased activity of the antioxidant system. Moreover, a mild increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species has been linked to the control of mitochondrial biogenesis and abundance in response to increased cellular energy demands. Thus, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species should also be perceived in terms of their positive role in cellular signaling. On the other hand, an uncontrolled increase in reactive oxygen species production or strong down-regulation of the antioxidant system results in oxidative stress and damage of cellular components associated with ovarian pathologies and ageing. Similarly, the disturbance of signaling functions of reactive nitrogen species caused by dysregulation of nitric oxide production by nitric oxide synthases in ovarian tissues interferes with the proper regulation of physiological processes in the ovary.

• Klíčová slova
• corpus luteum, nitric oxide, ovarian regulation, oxidative stress, reactive nitrogen species, reactive oxygen species,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ovarium * fyziologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• ovulace fyziologie   MeSH
• oxidační stres fyziologie   MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku * metabolismus   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku * metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• reaktivní formy dusíku * MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku * MeSH

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), like reactive oxygen species (ROS), are useful for sustaining reproductive processes such as cell signaling, the regulation of hormonal biosynthesis, sperm capacitation, hyperactivation, and acrosome reaction. However, endogenous levels of RNS beyond physiological limits can impair fertility by disrupting testicular functions, reducing gonadotropin production, and compromising semen quality. Excessive RNS levels cause a variety of abnormalities in germ cells and gametes, particularly in the membranes and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and severely impair the maturation and fertilization processes. Cell fragmentation and developmental blockage, usually at the two-cell stage, are also connected with imbalanced redox status of the embryo during its early developmental stage. Since high RNS levels are closely linked to male infertility and conventional semen analyses are not reliable predictors of the assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes for such infertility cases, it is critical to develop novel ways of assessing and treating oxidative and/or nitrosative stress-mediated male infertility. This review aims to explicate the physiological and pathological roles of RNS and their relationship with male reproduction.

• Klíčová slova
• male infertility, oxidative stress, reactive nitrogen species, reactive oxygen species, sperm DNA fragmentation,
• MeSH
• analýza spermatu MeSH
• DNA metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužská infertilita * metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidační stres fyziologie   MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku * metabolismus   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• rozmnožování fyziologie   MeSH
• sperma metabolismus   MeSH
• spermie metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku * MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species have generally been considered as being highly reactive and cytotoxic molecules. Besides their noxious effects, ROS participate in physiological processes in a carefully regulated manner. By way of example, microbicidal ROS are produced in professional phagocytes, ROS function as short-lived messengers having a role in signal transduction and, among other processes, participate in the synthesis of the iodothyronine hormones, reproduction, apoptosis and necrosis. Because of their ability to mediate a crosstalk between key molecules, their role might be dual (at least in some cases). The levels of ROS increase from a certain age, being associated with various diseases typical of senescence. The aim of this review is to summarize the recent findings on the physiological role of ROS. Other issues addressed are an increase in ROS levels during ageing, and the possibility of the physiological nature of this process.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku fyziologie   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• reaktivní formy dusíku MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH

Leaf senescence is often associated with increased oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules by reactive oxygen species. However, very little is known about other radicals: gaseous free radical nitric oxide and related molecules--reactive nitrogen species. This review brings a short survey of the questions.

• MeSH
• dioxygenasy metabolismus   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku chemie   MeSH
• rostliny chemie   enzymologie   toxicita   MeSH
• vývoj rostlin MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dioxygenasy MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku MeSH

The catalytic role of iron in the Haber-Weiss chemistry, which results in propagation of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS), is well established. In this review, we attempt to summarize the recent evidence showing the reverse: That reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can significantly affect iron metabolism. Their interaction with iron-regulatory proteins (IRPs) seems to be one of the essential mechanisms of influencing iron homeostasis. Iron depletion is known to provoke normal iron uptake via IRPs, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide are supposed to cause unnecessary iron uptake by similar mechanism. Furthermore, ROS are able to release iron from iron-containing molecules. On the contrary, nitric oxide (NO) appears to be involved in cellular defense against the iron-mediated ROS generation probably mainly by inducing iron removal from cells. In addition, NO may attenuate the effect of superoxide by mutual reaction, although the reaction product-peroxynitrite-is capable to produce highly reactive hydroxyl radicals.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• proteiny obsahující železo a síru metabolismus   MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku metabolismus   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• železo metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• proteiny obsahující železo a síru MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
• železo MeSH

Activation of mast cells and basophils is accompanied by the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that regulate diverse signaling pathways leading to the release of inflammatory mediators and production of a variety of cytokines. Although the functional pathways of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in vivo are not completely understood, some novel metabolic pathways can be envisioned based on recent findings that protein tyrosine phosphatases can be regulated by reversible oxidation. In this review, we describe major sources and targets of reactive oxide and nitrogen species in mast cells and basophils. Direct and indirect regulations of class I and II Cys-based protein tyrosine phosphatases (LMW-PTP, PTEN, PTP-PEST, SHP-2, PTP1B, PTPalpha, PTPepsilon, DEP-1, TC45, SHP-1, HePTP and LAR) are discussed. The combined data highlight the role of redox-regulated protein tyrosine phosphatases as targets in the development of new ways of therapeutic intervention in allergies and inflammatory diseases.

• MeSH
• bazofily enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• cystein metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mastocyty enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku metabolismus   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• tyrosinfosfatasy klasifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cystein MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
• tyrosinfosfatasy MeSH

Free radicals are considered the most important cause of cellular ageing. We have investigated ageing process in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have compared the wild type strain with the mutant cells with constitutively active Ras oncogen, which generates increased amounts of free radicals. Increased generation of oxygen-derived free radicals resulted in the Ras mutant cells accumulation of lipofuscin-like pigments during ageing. Ageing wild type cells did not accumulate lipofuscin-like pigments. This is quite unique feature among known biological models. It may be caused by increased concentration of alpha tocopherol (the most prominent lipophilic antioxidant) in the wild type cells. In contrast, the Ras mutant cells contained decreased levels of alpha tocopherol even in the young cells. This observation indicates that the increased free radical generation can overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant system. We have documented the involvement of nitrogen-derived free radicals in the yeast metabolism. Protein nitrotyrosine, a marker of the reactive nitrogen species, has significantly increased in the senescent Ras mutant cells. The wild type cells contained basic level of nitrotyrosine corresponding to its concentration found in non-activated mammalian macrophages.

• MeSH
• alfa-tokoferol metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčné dělení genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• ELISA MeSH
• lipofuscin chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidační stres fyziologie   MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku metabolismus   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetika   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• tyrosin analogy a deriváty   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 3-nitrotyrosine MeSH Prohlížeč
• alfa-tokoferol MeSH
• lipofuscin MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
• tyrosin MeSH

The aim of this work was to evaluate ontogeny of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production by peripheral blood phagocytes in pig. Pig fetuses (55 and 92 days of gestation) and postnatal piglets (1, 3, 8, 17, 31 and 41 days after birth) were used. RNS production was measured by fluorescent probes diaminofluorescein-diacetate (DAF-FMDA) and dichloro-fluorescein-diacetate (H2DCFDA). Levels of nitration of cell proteins were established by immunofluorescent detection of nitrotyrosine. Levels of plasma nitrites/nitrates were detected spectrophotometrically by Griess reaction. Nitric oxide production measured by DAF-FMDA in neutrophils decreased during postnatal life. Spontaneous RNS measured by H2DCFDA decreased from 55th day of gestation to the 41st day of life. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate activated production decreased during postnatal life. Production of NO measured by DAF-FMDA in macrophages decreased from the first to 41st day after birth. RNS production measured by H2DCFDA in monocytes did not show any significant changes during ontogeny. The level of nitrotyrosine significantly decreased from the third to 17th day. Levels of plasma nitrites/nitrates gradually decreased from the 55th day of gestation to the 41st day after birth. A temporary increase in all parameters occurred after weaning, but without any significance. In conclusion, RNS production has a decreasing trend during ontogeny and is transiently upregulated after weaning.

• MeSH
• fagocyty metabolismus   MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• odstavení MeSH
• oxid dusnatý metabolismus   MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku metabolismus   MeSH
• stárnutí krev   MeSH
• Sus scrofa krev   embryologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• vývoj plodu MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku MeSH

Nitric oxide plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Pseudoidium neolycopersici, the causative agent of tomato powdery mildew. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, the key enzyme of S-nitrosothiol homeostasis, was investigated during plant development and following infection in three genotypes of Solanum spp. differing in their resistance to P. neolycopersici. Levels and localization of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) including NO, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and peroxynitrite were studied together with protein nitration and the activity of nitrate reductase (NR). GSNOR expression profiles and enzyme activities were modulated during plant development and important differences among Solanum spp. genotypes were observed, accompanied by modulation of NO, GSNO, peroxynitrite and nitrated proteins levels. GSNOR was down-regulated in infected plants, with exception of resistant S. habrochaites early after inoculation. Modulations of GSNOR activities in response to pathogen infection were found also on the systemic level in leaves above and below the inoculation site. Infection strongly increased NR activity and gene expression in resistant S. habrochaites in contrast to susceptible S. lycopersicum. Obtained data confirm the key role of GSNOR and modulations of RNS during plant development under normal conditions and point to their involvement in molecular mechanisms of tomato responses to biotrophic pathogens on local and systemic levels.

• Klíčová slova
• Nitric oxide, Powdery mildew, Pseudoidium neolycopersici, Reactive nitrogen species, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, Solanum spp., Tomato,
• MeSH
• aldehydoxidoreduktasy metabolismus   MeSH
• Ascomycota patogenita   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• nemoci rostlin * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku metabolismus   MeSH
• Solanum lycopersicum enzymologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aldehydoxidoreduktasy MeSH
• formaldehyde dehydrogenase, glutathione-independent MeSH Prohlížeč
• reaktivní formy dusíku MeSH

The aim of this study was to compare the levels of the plasma muscle-derived cytokines (myokines) and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) after muscle damage triggered by different exercises, and to demonstrate the relationships between RONS, thiol redox status and myokines. Sixteen young men participated in a 90-min run at 65% VO2max (Ex.1) or 90-min run at 65% VO2max finished with a 15-min eccentric phase (Ex.2, downhill running). Plasma samples were collected before and at 20 min, 24 h and 48 h after exercise. The exercise trials significantly elevated the concentrations of plasma hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 8-isoprostane at 20 min rest. Myokines IL-6 and IL-10 increased at 20 min rest while IL-1β and TNFα increased at 24 h rest following both running. Ex.2 caused a significant increase in nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, IL-10 and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels. Thiol redox status (GSH(total)-2GSSG/GSSG) decreased by about 30% after Ex.2 as compared to Ex.1. H2O2) and NO directly correlated with IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, TNFα and glutathione. These results show that eccentric work is an important factor that enhances the production of RONS and muscle-derived cytokines, and that there is a possible participation of thiol redox status in the release of myokines to blood.

• MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• cytokiny krev   MeSH
• glutathiondisulfid krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• kosterní svaly metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• oxid dusnatý krev   MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku krev   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku krev   MeSH
• sulfhydrylové sloučeniny krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokiny MeSH
• glutathiondisulfid MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• reaktivní formy dusíku MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
• sulfhydrylové sloučeniny MeSH