In most vertebrates, pharyngeal arches form in a stereotypic anterior-to-posterior progression. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying evolutionary changes in pharyngeal arch development, here we investigate embryos and larvae of bichirs. Bichirs represent the earliest diverged living group of ray-finned fishes, and possess intriguing traits otherwise typical for lobe-finned fishes such as ventral paired lungs and larval external gills. In bichir embryos, we find that the anteroposterior way of formation of cranial segments is modified by the unique acceleration of the entire hyoid arch segment, with earlier and orchestrated development of the endodermal, mesodermal, and neural crest tissues. This major heterochronic shift in the anteroposterior developmental sequence enables early appearance of the external gills that represent key breathing organs of bichir free-living embryos and early larvae. Bichirs thus stay as unique models for understanding developmental mechanisms facilitating increased breathing capacity.

• Klíčová slova
• bichir, breathing, developmental biology, evolutionary biology, external gills, head, pharynx,
• MeSH
• branchiální krajina embryologie   MeSH
• rozvržení tělního plánu MeSH
• ryby embryologie   MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese MeSH
• žábry embryologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

UNLABELLED: The incidence of a second branchial arch sinus accounts for 26-60% of all existing congenital malformations deriving from the branchial apparatus. They are most usually detected between 14 months and 7 years of age, while their incidence during neonatal period and infancy accounts for 0.06% of all cases. The aim of this case study is to emphasize three rare characteristic features: the manifestation during neonatal period, the bilateral localization and the ultrasonographic diagnostic documentation. A 25 days old girl was admitted by her parents due to the presence of mucoid excretion from two small openings found on the neck. These openings were found bilaterally, between the mid and lower third of the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle. Diagnosis was confirmed via ultrasonography. The patient underwent elective surgery during early infancy and both branchial fistulas were excised. Patient's postoperative course was uneventful. IN CONCLUSION: - in cases of a bilateral second branchial arch sinus, the branchio-oto-renal (BOR) or branchio-otic (BO) syndromes must be excluded; - ultrasound scan can be used for the thorough evaluation of the sinus anatomic course and the relationship with the adjacent anatomic structures; - rompt diagnosis and early therapeutic intervention, even during neonatal period, ensures an uneventful post-operation course.

• Klíčová slova
• bilateral branchial sinus, neonate, second branchial arch, ultrasonography,
• MeSH
• branchiální krajina abnormality   diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ultrasonografie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

There is a group of lesions in the head and neck region derived from branchial arches and related structures which, when inflamed, are characterized by the formation of cysts lined by squamous or glandular epithelium and surrounded by a heavy inflammatory infiltrate rich in germinal centers. In the thyroid, the main source of various structures which may cause diagnostic dilemma is the ultimobranchial body. To investigate the spectrum of such thyroid lesions, the consultation files were reviewed for thyroid samples containing pathological structures regarded to arise from the ultimobranchial body. Positive reaction with antibodies against CK5/6, p63, galectin 3, and CEA, and negative reaction with antibodies against thyroglobulin, TTF-1, and calcitonin were used to confirm the diagnosis. The specific subtype of the ultimobranchial body-derived lesion was then determined based on histological examination of H&E-stained slides. Twenty-one cases of ultimobranchial body-derived lesions were retrieved from the consultation files, 20 of them along with clinical information (M/F = 6/14, mean age 55 years, range 36-68 years). Lesions derived from the ultimobranchial body were classified as follows: (hyperplastic) solid cell nests (nine cases), solid cell nests with focal cystic change (five cases), cystic solid cell nests (two cases), branchial cleft-like cyst (four cases), and finally a peculiar Warthin tumor-like lesion (one case). We suggest that the common denominator of these structures is that they all arise due to activation of inflammatory cells around the vestigial structures, which leads to cystic dilatation and proliferation of the epithelial component.

• Klíčová slova
• Branchial arch, Solid cell nest, Thyroid, Ultimobranchial body, Warthin tumor,
• MeSH
• branchiální krajina patologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory štítné žlázy patologie   MeSH
• nemoci štítné žlázy patologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• štítná žláza patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a morphogen involved in many developmental processes. Injection of cells (5E1) that produce a Shh-blocking antibody causes an attenuation of the Shh response, and this causes vascular malformations and impaired remodeling characterized by hemorrhages and protrusions of the anterior cardinal vein and outflow tract, delayed fusion of the dorsal aortae, impaired branching of the internal carotid artery, and delayed remodeling of the aortic arches. Distribution of smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall is unchanged. In 5E1-injected embryos, we also observed impaired assembly of endothelial cells into vascular tubes, particularly in the sixth branchial arch, around the anterior cardinal vein and around the dorsal aorta. In 5E1-treated embryos, increased numbers of macrophage-like cells, apoptotic cells, and a decreased level of proliferation were observed in head mesenchyme. Together, these observations show that Shh signaling is required at multiple stages for proper vessel formation and remodeling.

• MeSH
• branchiální krajina embryologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• cévy embryologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• hybridizace in situ MeSH
• hybridomy MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• křepelky a křepelovití MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• myši MeSH
• proteiny hedgehog genetika   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• protilátky imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• ptačí proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transplantace buněk MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• proteiny hedgehog MeSH
• protilátky MeSH
• ptačí proteiny MeSH

• MeSH
• branchiální krajina embryologie   MeSH
• crista neuralis embryologie   MeSH
• ektoderm fyziologie   MeSH
• endoderm fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• paratyreoidea embryologie   MeSH
• senzorická ganglia embryologie   MeSH
• thymus embryologie   MeSH
• Torpedo MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• branchiální krajina embryologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obratlovci embryologie   MeSH
• thymus abnormality   embryologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

On the basis of observations of 393 patients over many years, the author considers it possible to distinguish 5 types among the various forms of the syndrome of branchial arches 1 and 2. Two types are characteristic of the syndrome of branchial arch 1: the mandibular type and the mandibuloauricular type. The former is unilateral and occurs very rarely, the latter is encountered more frequently and can be unilateral or bilateral. For the syndrome of branchial arches 1 and 2, three types are characteristic: the auricular, the mandibulofacial and auricular, and the craniofacial, articular and auricular. The auricular type is mainly characterized by marked anomalies of the cochlea and the sense of hearing, occurs most frequently of all and is also bilateral. The mandibulofacial and auricular type exhibits more pronounced affections of both the cochlea and hearing and the bones of the facial skeleton. It occurs frequently and is unilateral. The craniofacial, articular and auricular type shows the most serious combinations of defects of the cochlea, the base of skull, the temporal bone, the facial skeleton, and the absence of the branch and the condylar process of mandible as well as hypoplasia of the soft tissues of the face. Systemic dysplasias of the face, the jaws and the cochlea are combined with defects of other, frequently distant, systems.

• MeSH
• branchiální krajina abnormality   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mandibula abnormality   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mnohočetné abnormality klasifikace   MeSH
• obličej abnormality   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• syndrom MeSH
• ucho abnormality   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The differential growth of the neck was studied by means of linear marks in the chick embryo. The marks were inserted into 3 different zones: Zone I, between the level of 1st and 2nd branchial cleft, zone II, between the level of the 2nd and 3rd branchial cleft, and zone III, between the level of the 3rd branchial cleft and the Cuvier duct. The deformation and dispersion of marks after further incubation of labelled embryos indicate: 1. A caudocranially oriented growth of axial and paraaxial structures causing the displacement of branchial to axial and paraxial structures, 2. an extent growth in the region of the 3rd branchial arch in contrast to other branchial arches with 2 exceptions: the extent craniocaudal growth of the operculum (2nd branchial arch) and the extent caudocranially oriented growth of the hypobranchial region. On the base of our findings the differences in the topography of some neck organs of birds and mammals could be explained.

• MeSH
• branchiální krajina anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• krk embryologie   MeSH
• kuřecí embryo MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kuřecí embryo MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• audiometrie MeSH
• branchiální krajina * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• píštěle genetika   MeSH
• poruchy sluchu genetika   MeSH
• rodokmen MeSH
• sluchová percepce MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• abnormality vyvolané léky MeSH
• azauridin toxicita   MeSH
• branchiální krajina abnormality   MeSH
• kuřecí embryo MeSH
• thymus abnormality   účinky léků   embryologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kuřecí embryo MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• azauridin MeSH