OBJECTIVE: This study examined longitudinal relations between maternal bonding and infant temperament in the first nine months after birth. DESIGN: Our sample consisted of 281 women, enrolled at five maternity hospitals, who completed questionnaires during the first week (T1), at six weeks (T2) and nine months postpartum (T3). Maternal bonding was assessed using the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale at T1 and T2 and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire at T3. Infant temperament was measured using the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire, completed by the mothers at T2 and T3. RESULTS: The results of a path model showed a long-term effect flowing from the child to the mother, with infant temperament at T2 predicting maternal bonding at T3 over and above stability in bonding. At T3, bonding was linked more strongly to child temperament at T2 than to child temperament assessed concurrently at T3. Maternal bonding did predict infant temperament, but this was true only of bonding reported at T1 and infant temperament at T2, that is, not of bonding assessed at T2 and infant temperament at T3. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that maternal bonding in the first week postpartum may temporarily affect child temperament, but infant's temperament several weeks after birth - rather than several months postpartum - plays a pervasive role in shaping the long-lasting nature of the mother-child relationship. Our findings thus seem to support the suggestion that the early postpartum weeks represent an important period in the development of maternal bonding.

• Klíčová slova
• Infancy, Infant’s temperament, Maternal bonding, Parenting,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• matky psychologie   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• poporodní období fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• připoutání k objektu * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• temperament fyziologie   MeSH
• vztahy mezi matkou a dítětem psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Infant attachment remains virtually unexplored in former Eastern Bloc countries. The dimensional approach to infant attachment, which could ease common obstacles in cross-cultural attachment research, necessitates more empirical support. This study explores infant attachment in the Czech Republic, a post-communist country with a unique family policy, using both the categorical and the dimensional models. It also compares the Czech infant attachment distribution to infant attachment distributions in other countries and compares infant attachment distributions in European countries to the Baltimore study sample. In the Strange Situation Procedure, forty-nine (74 %) out of sixty-six mother-infant dyads (35 boys, M = 13.8, SD = 0.9) received the B classification. Despite the generous family policy and cultural emphasis on close mother-infant relationships, the Czech distribution of insecure categories did not differ from the Baltimore study sample. Out of other post-communist countries, only the infant attachment distribution in former East Germany differed from the Czech and the Baltimore study samples due to a lower proportion of type B and a higher proportion of type A infants. There were also more type A infants in the Italian sample. Interactive behavior scales accurately predicted attachment categories in 91 % of cases. Contact-maintenance and proximity-seeking scales substantially improve the assessment of insecure resistant behavior. Our findings support the universality and normativity of attachment and the utility of the dimensional approach.

• Klíčová slova
• Dimensional approach, Infant attachment, Interactive Behavior Scales, Strange Situation Procedure,
• MeSH
• chování kojenců MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matky * MeSH
• připoutání k objektu MeSH
• vztahy mezi matkou a dítětem * MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• náhlá smrt kojenců * patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

Studies on trends in infant mortality and its constituent elements of early neonatal, late neonatal and postneonatal death, in developed and developing countries, point to ways of making further progress towards the target of infant mortality rates not exceeding 50/1000 live births in all countries by the year 2000.

Studies or trends in infant mortality and its constituent elements of early neonatal, late neonatal, and postneonatal death in developing and developed countries point to ways of making more progress to the target of infant mortality rates (IMRs) not exceeding 50/1000 live births in all countries by the year 2000. Decreases in the mean IMRs slowed down over the period 1937-84 in 4 country groups which averages 153, 102, 66, and 43/1000, respectively. The group which had the highest IMR at the outset, had the fastest reduction. A significant decrease in IMRs has been going on in many 3rd world countries during the latter 1/2 of the 20th century. Projected IMRs in developing countries, based on results achieved in developed countries suggests that the 50/1000 live birth target by the year 2000 can only be reached in countries which has an IMR in 1985 lower than 80/1000, since they can only be expected to achieve a decrease of 30/1000 in the 15-year interval. Data from European countries for 1979-82 were analyzed to see if decreases in early, late, and postneonatal mortality followed the same pattern as total infant mortality. The grouped data for late neonatal and postneonatal deaths were compared with the data for early neonatal deaths. In the countries with the lowest IMRs reduced from averages of 8.8 to 7.5 between 1979 and 1984, the ratio of early neonatal deaths to late neonatal deaths, plus postneonatal deaths was 4:3; late neonatal deaths decreased more rapidly early neonatal deaths during the same period. In the countries with decreases in the IMRs ranging from 20 to 91/1000, there was a quicker fall in early neonatal than in late neonatal plus postneonatal death rates. Data from Czechoslovakia for 1951-84 were analyzed to see if changing the scope of the curve of early neonatal mortality against late neonatal mortality plus postneonatal mortality, attained from many countries during a short period, reflected changes in 1 country over a long period. From 1967 to 1984, the total IMR fell from 24 to 15/1000. From 1951 to 1977, when total IMR went down from 77 to 24/1000, the main decrease was in late neonatal plus postneonatal mortality (from 49 to 10/1000); the neonatal death rate only went down from 28 to 14/1000. The changing relationship between early neonatal versus late neonatal plus postneonatal mortality has probably been much alike in all countries.

• Klíčová slova
• Child Survival *, Comparative Studies *, Death Rate *, Demographic Factors, Developed Countries *, Developing Countries *, Europe, Infant Mortality--changes *, Length Of Life, Mortality, Neonatal Mortality--changes *, Population, Population Dynamics, Research Methodology, Studies, Survivorship, Time Factors *,
• MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví * MeSH
• kojenecká mortalita * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předpověď MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• zdravotnické plánování MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

ABSTRACT: Cronobacter is a bacterial genus that includes seven species, and the species Cronobacter sakazakii is most related to meningitis and septicemia in infants associated with powdered infant formula (PIF). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the presence of C. sakazakii and to determine the microbiological quality of PIF for infant consumption. To do this, a total of 128 PIF samples were analyzed in four brands and countries (Chile, Mexico, Holland, and Brazil), considering three types of PIF: premature (PIF1), infant (PIF2), and follow-up (PIF3). Aerobic plate counts (APC) and Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) were assessed in accordance with Chilean official standards. The outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene was amplified to detect Cronobacter spp. and the fusA gene was amplified to identify C. sakazakii by using the PubMLST Web site and BLAST (NCBI). The antibiotic resistance profile was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standards. The pathogen was quantified by the most probable number (MPN). The results showed that APC median values for PIF1, PIF2, and PIF3 were 3.2, 4.9, and 4.8 log CFU g-1, respectively. The APC were higher in PIF2 (P < 0.01) from Holland (P < 0.01) in the commercial brand 4 (P < 0.01). The ENT median values in PIF1, PIF2, and PIF3 were 1.8, 1.5, and 1.7 log CFU g-1, respectively. Five strains of C. sakazakii and one strain of Cronobacter malonaticus were identified as having values between 0.023 and 2.3 MPN/g. All strains (100%) harbored the ompA, plasminogen activator (cpa), and hemolysin (hly) virulence genes. To conclude, C. sakazakii was found in four PIF samples from four Chilean products and one from Mexico, which is distributed throughout America. C. sakazakii strains exhibit virulence factors and resistance to ampicillin, thus posing a risk when PIFs are consumed by infants.

• Klíčová slova
• Cronobacter sakazakii, Antibiotic resistance, Microbiological quality, Powdered infant formula, Virulence,
• MeSH
• Cronobacter sakazakii * MeSH
• Cronobacter MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kontaminace potravin analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• náhražky mateřského mléka * mikrobiologie   normy   MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie MeSH
• prášky, zásypy, pudry MeSH
• spotřebitelská bezpečnost produktů MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Brazílie MeSH
• Chile MeSH
• Latinská Amerika MeSH
• Mexiko MeSH
• Nizozemsko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• prášky, zásypy, pudry MeSH

• MeSH
• anesteziologie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mechanické ventilátory MeSH
• pediatrie * MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We describe a case of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis in a previously well infant after his first immunisation with the multicomponent meningococcal serogroup B and advice clinicians to be cautious with the interpretation of CSF findings in children post Meningococcal B vaccination until clearer guidelines are available Keywords: meningococcal B vaccine - cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis - inflammatory response - infant.

• Klíčová slova
• meningococcal B vaccine - cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis - inflammatory response - infant,
• MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• leukocytóza * diagnóza   etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningokokové vakcíny * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Neisseria meningitidis séroskupiny B * imunologie   MeSH
• vakcinace škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• meningokokové vakcíny * MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To address the issue of infant mortality as an important health indicator, we systematically analyzed trends in infant mortality in five central and eastern European (CEE) countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia). METHODS: Infant mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) and trends were computed using the World Health Organization database, as well as selected European databases. RESULTS: In 1990, mortality rates in most CEE countries were appreciably higher than the mean European Union value of 9.2/1,000 (up to 14.8/1,000 in Hungary and 19.4/1,000 in Poland). However, between 1990 and 2001, infant mortality decreased substantially in all CEE countries, and in 2001 the rates in the Czech Republic (4.0/1,000) and Slovenia (4.3/1,000) were lower than the EU average of 4.6/1,000. DISCUSSION: Infant mortality is an important indicator of the improvements in health observed in CEE countries over the last decade.

• MeSH
• kojenecká mortalita trendy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Maďarsko MeSH
• Polsko MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH
• Slovinsko MeSH

BACKGROUND: Only a few studies dealt with the occurrence of endospore-forming clostridia in the microbiota of infants without obvious health complications. METHODS: A methodology pipeline was developed to determine the occurrence of endospore formers in infant feces. Twenty-four fecal samples (FS) were collected from one infant in monthly intervals and were subjected to variable chemical and heat treatment in combination with culture-dependent analysis. Isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and characterized with biochemical assays. RESULTS: More than 800 isolates were obtained, and a total of 21 Eubacteriales taxa belonging to the Clostridiaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae families were detected. Clostridium perfringens, C. paraputrificum, C. tertium, C. symbiosum, C. butyricum, and C. ramosum were the most frequently identified species compared to the rarely detected Enterocloster bolteae, C. baratii, and C. jeddahense. Furthermore, the methodology enabled the subsequent cultivation of less frequently detectable gut taxa such as Flavonifractor plautii, Intestinibacter bartlettii, Eisenbergiella tayi, and Eubacterium tenue. The isolates showed phenotypic variability regarding enzymatic activity, fermentation profiles, and butyrate production. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, this approach suggests and challenges a cultivation-based pipeline that allows the investigation of the population of endospore formers in complex ecosystems such as the human gastrointestinal tract.

• Klíčová slova
• Butyrate, Clostridium, Cultivation, Endospore formers, Fermentation profiles, Infant gut microbiota,
• MeSH
• Clostridium * genetika   MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Firmicutes genetika   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

BACKGROUND: Infant mortality rate (IMR) and neonatal mortality rate (NMR) are accepted as good indicators to measure the health status of a nation. This report describes recent declines in IMR and NMR in Turkey. METHODS: Data on infants who died before 12 months of life were obtained from the Infant Mortality Monitoring System of Ministry of Health of Turkey between 2007 and 2012. A total of 94,038 infant deaths were evaluated. RESULTS: Turkey IMR and NMR exhibited a marked decline from 2007 (16.4 and 12.2) to 2010 (10.1 and 6.6) and then plateaued in 2012 (9.7 and 6.3), despite regional differences. Prematurity, congenital anomalies and congenital heart diseases (CHD) were the three most common causes of infant deaths between 2007 and 2012. While the rates of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and metabolic diseases increased, the rates of congenital anomalies and birth injuries decreased. IMR and NMR significantly increased with the number of infants per paediatrician, per doctor, and per midwife, while was decreasing with the increased rate of hospital birth, caesarean delivery, antenatal care, infant follow-up, and staff trained within the Neonatal Resuscitation Programme (NRP). CONCLUSION: From 2007-2012, Turkey showed remarkable encouraging advances in reducing IMR and NMR. Any interventions aimed at further reductions in IMR and NMR should target the common causes of death and defined risk factors especially in socioeconomically disadvantaged regions.

• Klíčová slova
• health policies, infant, mortality, neonatal,
• MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kojenecká mortalita trendy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• zdravotní politika trendy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Turecko epidemiologie   MeSH