BACKGROUND: Chronic exposure to air pollutants harms human health, and at a geographical level, concentrations of air pollutants are often associated with socioeconomic disadvantage. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of educational attainment and air pollution on lung function in older adults, and whether air pollution may mediate the effect of education. METHODS: The study included 6381 individuals (mean age 58.24 ± 7.14 years) who participated in the Czech HAPPIE (Health, Alcohol, and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe) study. Participants' residential addresses were linked to air pollution data, including mean exposures to PM10 (particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter below 10 μm) and NO2 (nitrogen dioxide). We used path analysis to link educational attainment and air pollutants to a standardized measure of the Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1). RESULTS: Higher levels of participants' education were associated with lower exposures to PM10 and NO2. Individuals with tertiary education had higher standardized FEV1 than individuals with primary education (88 % vs 95 %). Path analysis revealed a direct positive effect of education on FEV1, while about 12 % of the relationship between education and lung function was mediated by PM10 and NO2. CONCLUSIONS: Education (typically completed at young ages) appeared to have a protective effect on lung function later in life, and a small part of this effect was mediated by air pollution.

• Klíčová slova
• Air pollution, Environmental health, Lung function, Respiratory health, Socioeconomic factors,
• MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch * analýza   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxid dusičitý analýza   MeSH
• pevné částice * analýza   MeSH
• plíce fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• usilovný výdechový objem MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
• oxid dusičitý MeSH
• pevné částice * MeSH

The growing effects of climate change on Malaysia's coastal ecology heighten worries about air pollution, specifically caused by urbanization and industrial activity in the maritime sector. Trucks and vessels are particularly noteworthy for their substantial contribution to gas emissions, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which is the primary gas released in port areas. The application of advanced analysis techniques was spurred by the air pollution resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels such as fuel oil, natural gas and gasoline in vessels. The study utilized satellite photos captured by the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on the Sentinel-5P satellite to evaluate the levels of NO2 gas pollution in Malaysia's port areas and exclusive economic zone. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, unrestricted gas emissions led to persistently high levels of NO2 in the analyzed areas. The temporary cessation of marine industry operations caused by the pandemic, along with the halting of vessels to prevent the spread of COVID-19, resulted in a noticeable decrease in NO2 gas pollution. In light of these favourable advancements, it is imperative to emphasize the need for continuous investigation and collaborative endeavours to further alleviate air contamination in Malaysian port regions, while simultaneously acknowledging the wider consequences of climate change on the coastal ecology. The study underscores the interdependence of air pollution, maritime activities and climate change. It emphasizes the need for comprehensive strategies that tackle both immediate environmental issues and the long-term sustainability and resilience of coastal ecosystems in the context of global climate challenges.

• Klíčová slova
• Nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), Sentinel 5P, air pollution, climate change,
• MeSH
• COVID-19 epidemiologie   MeSH
• klimatické změny * MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch * analýza   MeSH
• lodě MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí * metody   MeSH
• oxid dusičitý * analýza   MeSH
• satelitní snímkování * MeSH
• výfukové emise vozidel analýza   MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší * analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Malajsie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
• oxid dusičitý * MeSH
• výfukové emise vozidel MeSH

BACKGROUND: Ambient air pollution, including particulate matter (such as PM10 and PM2·5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), has been linked to increases in mortality. Whether populations' vulnerability to these pollutants has changed over time is unclear, and studies on this topic do not include multicountry analysis. We evaluated whether changes in exposure to air pollutants were associated with changes in mortality effect estimates over time. METHODS: We extracted cause-specific mortality and air pollution data collected between 1995 and 2016 from the Multi-Country Multi-City (MCC) Collaborative Research Network database. We applied a two-stage approach to analyse the short-term effects of NO2, PM10, and PM2·5 on cause-specific mortality using city-specific time series regression analyses and multilevel random-effects meta-analysis. We assessed changes over time using a longitudinal meta-regression with time as a linear fixed term and explored potential sources of heterogeneity and two-pollutant models. FINDINGS: Over 21·6 million cardiovascular and 7·7 million respiratory deaths in 380 cities across 24 countries over the study period were included in the analysis. All three air pollutants showed decreasing concentrations over time. The pooled results suggested no significant temporal change in the effect estimates per unit exposure of PM10, PM2·5, or NO2 and mortality. However, the risk of cardiovascular mortality increased from 0·37% (95% CI -0·05 to 0·80) in 1998 to 0·85% (0·55 to 1·16) in 2012 with a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2·5. Two-pollutant models generally showed similar results to single-pollutant models for PM fractions and indicated temporal differences for NO2. INTERPRETATION: Although air pollution levels decreased during the study period, the effect sizes per unit increase in air pollution concentration have not changed. This observation might be due to the composition, toxicity, and sources of air pollution, as well as other factors, such as socioeconomic determinants or changes in population distribution and susceptibility. FUNDING: None.

• MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci * mortalita   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch * škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci dýchací soustavy * mortalita   chemicky indukované   MeSH
• oxid dusičitý * analýza   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• pevné částice * analýza   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• velkoměsta * MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší * škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• velkoměsta * MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
• oxid dusičitý * MeSH
• pevné částice * MeSH

BACKGROUND: The epidemiological evidence on the interaction between heat and ambient air pollution on mortality is still inconsistent. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the interaction between heat and ambient air pollution on daily mortality in a large dataset of 620 cities from 36 countries. METHODS: We used daily data on all-cause mortality, air temperature, particulate matter ≤ 10 μm (PM10), PM ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) from 620 cities in 36 countries in the period 1995-2020. We restricted the analysis to the six consecutive warmest months in each city. City-specific data were analysed with over-dispersed Poisson regression models, followed by a multilevel random-effects meta-analysis. The joint association between air temperature and air pollutants was modelled with product terms between non-linear functions for air temperature and linear functions for air pollutants. RESULTS: We analyzed 22,630,598 deaths. An increase in mean temperature from the 75th to the 99th percentile of city-specific distributions was associated with an average 8.9 % (95 % confidence interval: 7.1 %, 10.7 %) mortality increment, ranging between 5.3 % (3.8 %, 6.9 %) and 12.8 % (8.7 %, 17.0 %), when daily PM10 was equal to 10 or 90 μg/m3, respectively. Corresponding estimates when daily O3 concentrations were 40 or 160 μg/m3 were 2.9 % (1.1 %, 4.7 %) and 12.5 % (6.9 %, 18.5 %), respectively. Similarly, a 10 μg/m3 increment in PM10 was associated with a 0.54 % (0.10 %, 0.98 %) and 1.21 % (0.69 %, 1.72 %) increase in mortality when daily air temperature was set to the 1st and 99th city-specific percentiles, respectively. Corresponding mortality estimate for O3 across these temperature percentiles were 0.00 % (-0.44 %, 0.44 %) and 0.53 % (0.38 %, 0.68 %). Similar effect modification results, although slightly weaker, were found for PM2.5 and NO2. CONCLUSIONS: Suggestive evidence of effect modification between air temperature and air pollutants on mortality during the warm period was found in a global dataset of 620 cities.

• Klíčová slova
• Air pollution, Air temperature, Effect modification, Epidemiology, Mortality,
• MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch * škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• oxid dusičitý škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• pevné částice škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH
• vysoká teplota MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší * škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• velkoměsta MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
• oxid dusičitý MeSH
• pevné částice MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• air pollution, environmental health, life style,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus * epidemiologie   MeSH
• hypertenze * epidemiologie   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch * analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxid dusičitý analýza   MeSH
• pevné částice analýza   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí analýza   MeSH
• životní styl MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší * analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• komentáře MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
• oxid dusičitý MeSH
• pevné částice MeSH

Effectual air quality monitoring network (AQMN) design plays a prominent role in environmental engineering. An optimal AQMN design should consider stations' mutual information and system uncertainties for effectiveness. This study develops a novel optimization model using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). The Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) method generates potential stations as the input of a framework based on the transinformation entropy (TE) method to maximize the coverage and minimize the probability of selecting stations. Also, the fuzzy degree of membership and the nonlinear interval number programming (NINP) approaches are used to survey the uncertainty of the joint information. To obtain the best Pareto optimal solution of the AQMN characterization, a robust ranking technique, called Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) approach, is utilized to select the most appropriate AQMN properties. This methodology is applied to Los Angeles, Long Beach, and Anaheim in California, USA. Results suggest using 4, 4, and 5 stations to monitor CO, NO2, and ozone, respectively; however, implementing this recommendation reduces coverage by 3.75, 3.75, and 3 times for CO, NO2, and ozone, respectively. On the positive side, this substantially decreases TE for CO, NO2, and ozone concentrations by 8.25, 5.86, and 4.75 times, respectively.

• Klíčová slova
• Air quality, Bayesian maximum entropy (BME), Fuzzy set theory, Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), Nonlinear interval number programming (NINP), Transinformation entropy (TE),
• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• entropie MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• oxid dusičitý analýza   MeSH
• ozon * analýza   MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší * analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oxid dusičitý MeSH
• ozon * MeSH

BACKGROUND: The rapid increase of food allergy (FA) has become the "second wave" of allergy epidemic and is now a major global public health concern. Mounting evidence indicates that early life exposure to air pollution is associated with the "first wave" of allergy epidemic (including asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema) in children, but little is known about its association with FA. OBJECTIVES: We hypothesize FA has triple exposure pathways, gut-skin-airway, and investigate the effects of airway exposure to outdoor and indoor air pollution on childhood FA. METHODS: A cohort study of 2598 preschool children aged 3-6 years old was conducted in Changsha, China. The prevalence of FA was surveyed using a standard questionnaire by International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Exposure to indoor air pollution was assessed by four indicators: new furniture, redecoration, mold or dampness, and window condensation. Exposure to outdoor air pollution was evaluated by the concentrations of PM10, SO2 and NO2, which were obtained from the monitored stations. Both prenatal and postnatal exposure windows were considered. The association between exposure to outdoor/indoor air pollution and childhood FA was estimated by multiple logistic regression models using odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: A total of 14.9% children reported FA. The prevalence was significantly associated with exposure to indoor air pollution, OR (95% CI) = 1.93 (1.35-2.75) for prenatal exposure to mold/dampness and 1.49 (1.07-2.10) and 1.41 (1.04-1.89) respectively for postnatal exposure to new furniture and window condensation. The prevalence of FA was also associated with prenatal and postnatal exposure to outdoor air pollution, particularly the traffic-related air pollutant NO2, with adjusted ORs (95% Cls) respectively 1.24 (1.00-1.54) and 1.38 (1.03-1.85) per interquartile range (IQR) increase. Sensitivity analysis showed that the association between outdoor/indoor air pollution and childhood FA was significant only in young children aged 3-4 years. CONCLUSION: Early-life exposure to high levels of outdoor and indoor air pollution in China due to the rapid economic growth and fast urbanization in the past decades may contribute to the rapid increase of food allergy (FA) in children. Our study indicates that, in addition to gut and skin, airway may be a new route of food sensitization. Air pollution leads to the first and second waves of allergy epidemics, suggesting a concept of 'one allergy' disease.

• Klíčová slova
• Allergic diseases, One allergy, Traffic-related air pollution, Triple exposure hypothesis, Urbanization,
• MeSH
• alergická rýma * epidemiologie   MeSH
• bronchiální astma * epidemiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• houby MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch * analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxid dusičitý analýza   MeSH
• potravinová alergie * epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí analýza   MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší * škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí * škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Čína epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
• oxid dusičitý MeSH

BACKGROUND: The impact of the urban environment on human health is a contemporary subject of environmental research. Air pollution is often considered a leading environmental driver. However, a plethora of other factors within the urban exposome may be involved. At the same time, the resolution of spatial data is also an important facet to consider. Generally, systematic tools for accurate health risk assessment in the urban environment are missing or are not implemented. METHODS: The long-term impact of air quality (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, benzene, and SO2) on respiratory and cardiovascular health was assessed with a log-linear model. We used the most accurate health data in high city scale spatial resolution over the period 2010 to 2018. Selected external exposome parameters were also included in the analysis. RESULTS: Statistically significant associations between air pollution and the health of the urban population were found. The strongest association was between benzene and the incidence of bronchitis in the adult population [RR 1.552 95% CI (1.415-1.704) per 0.5 μg/m3 change in benzene concentration]. A similar relation was observed between NO2 and the same health condition [RR 1.483 95% CI (1.227-1.792) per 8.9 μg/m3 of change in NO2]. Other weaker associations were also found between asthma in children and PMs, NO2, or benzene. Cardiovascular-related hospitalizations in the general population were linked with NO2 [RR 1.218 95% CI (1.119-1.325) per 9.7 μg/m3 change in NO2]. The remaining pollutants were slightly less but still significantly associated with cardiovascular-related hospitalizations. CONCLUSION: Our findings are mostly highly statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001) and are in line with current literature on the adverse effects of air pollution on the human population. The results highlight the need for continual improvements in air quality. We propose the implementation of this approach as a systematic tool for the investigation of possible health risks over a long period of time. However, further research involving other variables is an essential step toward understanding the complex urban exposome and its implications for human health. An increase in data spatial resolution is especially important in this respect as well as for improving city health risk management.

• Klíčová slova
• PM, air pollution, benzene, cardiovascular hospitalizations, high-resolution, long-term data, respiratory health, urban exposome,
• MeSH
• benzen analýza   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch * škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxid dusičitý analýza   MeSH
• velkoměsta epidemiologie   MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší * škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• velkoměsta epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• benzen MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
• oxid dusičitý MeSH

The effect of nitrate (NO3−) supplementation on blood pressure (BP) responses during large muscle mass isometric and ischaemic exercise in healthy young adults is unclear. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of 5-day supplementation of NO3− on BP responses during a short isometric contraction and a sustained ischaemic contraction. In a randomised, double-blinded, crossover design, 14 healthy active young adults underwent BP measurements after 5 days of either NO3− (NIT) or placebo (PLA) supplementation. Beat-by-beat BP was measured at pre- and post-exercise rest, and during a short (20 s) isometric contraction at 25% maximal strength and throughout a sustained ischaemic contraction. Plasma nitrite (NO2−) concentration increased significantly after NO3− supplementation compared to placebo (475 ± 93 nmol·L−1 vs. 198 ± 46 nmol·L−1, p < 0.001, d = 3.37). Systolic BP was significantly lower at pre- (p = 0.051) and post-exercise rest (p = 0.006), during a short isometric contraction (p = 0.030), and throughout a sustained ischaemic contraction (p = 0.040) after NO3− supplementation. Mean arterial pressure was significantly lower at pre- (p = 0.004) and post-exercise rest (p = 0.043), during a short isometric contraction (p = 0.041), and throughout a sustained ischaemic contraction (p = 0.021) after NO3− supplementation. Diastolic BP was lower at pre-exercise rest (p = 0.032), but not at post-exercise rest, during a short isometric contraction, and during a sustained ischaemic contraction (all p > 0.05). Five days of NO3− supplementation elevated plasma NO2− concentration and reduced BP during a short isometric contraction and a sustained ischaemic contraction in healthy adults. These observations indicate that multiple-day nitrate supplementation can decrease BP at rest and attenuate the increased BP response during isometric exercise. These findings support that NO3− supplementation is an effective nutritional intervention in reducing SBP and MAP in healthy young males during submaximal exercise.

• Klíčová slova
• cardiovascular health, functional food, nitric oxide, nutrition, supplements,
• MeSH
• částečné omezení průtoku krve * MeSH
• dusičnany * MeSH
• krevní tlak MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• oxid dusičitý farmakologie   MeSH
• oxidy dusíku MeSH
• potravní doplňky MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dusičnany * MeSH
• oxid dusičitý MeSH
• oxidy dusíku MeSH

Oxidative stress may cause extended tyrosine posttranslational modifications of peptides and proteins. The 3-nitro-L-tyrosine (Nit), which is typically formed, affects protein behavior during neurodegenerative processes, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Such metabolic products may be conveniently detected at very low concentrations by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Previously, we have explored the SERS detection of the Nit NO2 bending vibrational bands in a presence of hydrogen chloride (Niederhafner et al., Amino Acids 53:517-532, 2021, ibid). In this article, we describe performance of a new SERS substrate, "pink silver", synthesized photochemically. It provides SERS even without the HCl induction, and the acid further decreases the detection limit about 9 times. Strong SERS bands were observed in the asymmetric (1550-1475 cm-1) and symmetric (1360-1290 cm-1) NO stretching in the NO2 group. The bending vibration was relatively weak, but appeared stronger when HCl was added. The band assignments were supported by density functional theory modeling.

• Klíčová slova
• Nitration, Oxidative stress, Photochemical synthesis, Posttranslational protein modification (PTM), Silver colloids, Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS),
• MeSH
• oxid dusičitý MeSH
• peptidy MeSH
• proteiny MeSH
• Ramanova spektroskopie * metody   MeSH
• stříbro * chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oxid dusičitý MeSH
• peptidy MeSH
• proteiny MeSH
• stříbro * MeSH