The Citarum watershed and the Saguling reservoir are vital natural resources in Indonesia, affecting the livelihood of West Java and the DKI Jakarta population. This study aimed to assess the soil erosion in the Upper Citarum watershed and identify its source. The study used the fallout radionuclide technique, geochemical tracers, and an unmixing model to measure soil erosion and the contribution of suspended sediment sources due to erosion. Soil bulk transects and surface soil were sampled using a coring tool on the Ciwidey and Cisangkuy sub-watersheds. Riverbank and suspended sediment samples were collected from tributaries and rivers. With 137Cs, 40% of the samples had values below the minimum detectable activity, and vice versa for 210Pbex, all samples are detectable. For mitigation, bare land needs to be recovered due to its erosion (25.6 t ha-1 year-1) exceeding the tolerance erosion value (17 t ha-1 year-1). Statistically, Mg and Na were the most appropriate composite tracers for suspended sediment contribution. The unmixing model predicted the sediment contributors from bare land (58%), the riverbank (32.7%), and plantation land (9.3%). Proper land conservation could reduce sediment supply by almost 14.7% and extend the reservoir's life. This is the first study to report the feasibility of the unmixing model in Indonesia.
- Klíčová slova
- Fallout radionuclide, Sediment transport, Soil erosion, Tracers, Unmixing model,
- MeSH
- eroze půdy * MeSH
- geologické sedimenty chemie MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * metody MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia analýza MeSH
- řeky * chemie MeSH
- zachování přírodních zdrojů metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Indonésie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- půda MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia MeSH
Agricultural lands with farm animals (e.g. cattle) can be significantly affected by radioactive contamination following nuclear or radiation accidents. In order to optimise the techniques for measuring 137Cs in contaminated cattle, selected radiation detectors have been tested and calibrated using volumetric radiation sources. In addition, a mathematical phantom of a cow was created within Monte Carlo simulations. The main aim of the research was to propose a method for making rapid measurements of 137Cs in cattle in vivo/in situ and to select the most suitable measurement set-up. Measurements of contaminated cattle in vivo were carried out in Belarus with one selected detector, and were then compared with measurements of meat in a laboratory and with measurements of a control group of cows. The proposed measurement method was also tested on measurements of 137Cs in wild boars in Czechia with higher levels of the 137Cs activity.
- MeSH
- radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu * analýza MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia MeSH
- skot MeSH
- únik radioaktivních látek * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- Cesium-137 MeSH Prohlížeč
- radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia MeSH
It has been 36 years since the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant catastrophe, but the consumption of wild mushrooms in Ukrainian Polissya is still dangerous since its territory is heavily contaminated by radionuclides. The aim of this study was to estimate 137Cs and 90Sr uptake in wild mushrooms from locations with contrast radioactive loads (Zhytomyr Polissya, Ukraine). In mushroom samples collected from Drevlyanskyi Nature Reserve since 2013 (average levels of soil surface contamination with 137Cs are 555-1480 kBq m-2), the highest levels of 137Cs were observed in symbiotroph species - Imleria badia (≤ 2680 kBq kg-1 dry mass [dm]), Tricholoma equestre (≤ 1420 kBq kg-1 dm), Lactarius rufus (≤ 602 kBq kg-1 dm), Sarcodon imbricatus (≤ 464 kBq kg-1 dm), Leccinum scabrum (≤ 117 kBq kg-1 dm), Suillus bovinus (≤ 118 kBq kg-1 dm), and Boletus edulis (≤ 96 kBq kg-1 dm). 90Sr activity was significantly lower, with the highest levels detected in Russula emetica (193 Bq kg-1 dm), Daedaleopsis confragosa (145 Bq kg-1 dm), and Hypholoma fasciculare (141 Bq kg-1 dm). The 137Cs/90Sr ratio in fruiting bodies in samples ranged from 6.1 (Bovistella utriformis) to 28,979 (T. equestre). Activity concentrations in mushrooms from locations with relatively low contamination with 137Cs (18.5-27.75 kBq m-2) also reached the highest values in symbiotroph species I. badia (7698 Bq kg-1 dm), Lactarius vellereus (6072 Bq kg-1 dm), and S. luteus (1448 Bq kg-1 dm). Potential calculated annual effective doses due to mushroom consumption by adults, considering only the effect of 137Cs, reached 0.311 and 8.71 mSv in B. edulis and I. badia from highly contaminated locations, respectively, and 0.0014 and 0.009 mSv in these species from low contaminated ones.
- MeSH
- Agaricales * MeSH
- černobylská havárie * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- jaderné elektrárny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu * analýza MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia MeSH
- radioizotopy stroncia MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Ukrajina MeSH
- Názvy látek
- Cesium-137 MeSH Prohlížeč
- radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia MeSH
- radioizotopy stroncia MeSH
- Strontium-90 MeSH Prohlížeč
The study aims to provide a basis for measures reducing the consequences of a nuclear accident in its late phase, when plant contamination occurs mainly through the root system. Samples of the above-ground biomass of crops and soil were taken in 2020 in the vicinity of the Temelín and Dukovany nuclear power plants (Czech Republic). The 137Cs activities were determined using gamma spectrometry, and the 90Sr activities were measured through beta radiation. From the obtained values, the radionuclide transfer factors (TFs) from soil to crop biomass were calculated. The average area activity of 137Cs in the soil around Dukovany and Temelín was 1700 and 2400 Bq m-2, respectively. The average area activity of 90Sr around Dukovany and Temelín was 211 and 184 Bq m-2, respectively. The TF 137Cs ranged from < 6.3 × 10-6 to 7.9 × 10-3, with a mean of 3.5 × 10-4 m2 kg-1, and the TF 90Sr ranged from 2.7 × 10-4 to 6 × 10-2, with a mean of 1.7 × 10-2 m2 kg-1.
- MeSH
- půda MeSH
- radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu * analýza MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia * analýza MeSH
- radioizotopy stroncia analýza MeSH
- transfer faktor analýza MeSH
- zemědělské plodiny MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- Cesium-137 MeSH Prohlížeč
- půda MeSH
- radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia * MeSH
- radioizotopy stroncia MeSH
- Strontium-90 MeSH Prohlížeč
- transfer faktor MeSH
From early April 2020, wildfires raged in the highly contaminated areas around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (CNPP), Ukraine. For about 4 weeks, the fires spread around and into the Chernobyl exclusion zone (CEZ) and came within a few kilometers of both the CNPP and radioactive waste storage facilities. Wildfires occurred on several occasions throughout the month of April. They were extinguished, but weather conditions and the spread of fires by airborne embers and smoldering fires led to new fires starting at different locations of the CEZ. The forest fires were only completely under control at the beginning of May, thanks to the tireless and incessant work of the firefighters and a period of sustained precipitation. In total, 0.7-1.2 TBq 137Cs were released into the atmosphere. Smoke plumes partly spread south and west and contributed to the detection of airborne 137Cs over the Ukrainian territory and as far away as Western Europe. The increase in airborne 137Cs ranged from several hundred μBq·m-3 in northern Ukraine to trace levels of a few μBq·m-3 or even within the usual background level in other European countries. Dispersion modeling determined the plume arrival time and was helpful in the assessment of the possible increase in airborne 137Cs concentrations in Europe. Detections of airborne 90Sr (emission estimate 345-612 GBq) and Pu (up to 75 GBq, mostly 241Pu) were reported from the CEZ. Americium-241 represented only 1.4% of the total source term corresponding to the studied anthropogenic radionuclides but would have contributed up to 80% of the inhalation dose.
- Klíčová slova
- chernobyl, dose assessment, firefighters, radionuclides, wildfire,
- MeSH
- černobylská havárie * MeSH
- ničivé požáry * MeSH
- požáry * MeSH
- radioaktivní látky znečišťující vzduch * analýza MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- Ukrajina MeSH
- Názvy látek
- radioaktivní látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia MeSH
During the past 7th Security Framework Program the European Commission funded a research project called CATO (CBRN Crisis management, Architectures, Technologies and Operational procedures) to develop a prototype decision support system for crisis management in addition to providing a suite of guidelines for first responders and incident commanders when dealing with chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear incidents. In order to derive these guidelines a proof-of-concept experiment was setup during which several passive agent (Stable CsCl) dispersions with improvised explosive devices and vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices were carried out. Each dispersion was thoroughly characterised by a number of monitoring devices, including high-volume air samplers and size-segregated air samplers. All environmental and forensic samples were collected by the UK counter terrorism police, following strict labelling and chain-of-custody protocols. The samples were analysed at the Belgian Nuclear Research Center suing the k0 method for instrumental neutron activation technique. A full consequence assessment analysis was carried out assuming that the observed concentration of Cs-133 in samples was Cs-137 instead and use was made of the specific activity of Cs-137. Due to the sensitivity of the information the European Commission classified this research. The resulted reported on in this work have been unclassified and are released to assist emergency planners and first responders to take the necessary precautions. The results indicate that, up to distances of 50 m from ground zero radiation levels will be considerable and therefore live-saving actions must be performed by fire/rescue wearing full protective gear. In addition, low-wind conditions will favor a long airborne residence time and therefore the use of full-face protective gear is a must. In order to protect first responders, a radiation protection specialist is to determine how long people can enter and remain in the contaminated area. The recovery of evidence in the case of a car-bomb will be hard or even impossible due to the high level of radioactive material remaining inside the vehicle.
- Klíčová slova
- CBRN, RDD, VBIED, first responders, improvised explosive device, radiological terrorism,
- MeSH
- first responder * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- plánování postupu v případě katastrof * MeSH
- radiační ochrana * metody MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia MeSH
- terorismus * MeSH
- únik radioaktivních látek * prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- Cesium-137 MeSH Prohlížeč
- radioizotopy cesia MeSH
The time course of 137Cs activity in general population of the Czech Republic has been systematically followed since the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Either whole body counting or the determination of 137Cs content in 24-hour urine samples were used as a method of determination of body activity. Environmental and effective half-lives were calculated from the data. In the time period from 1986 to 1990 the effective half-life was 1.3 years; since 1990 up to present the half-life is 15 years. The older data on whole body activity of 137Cs from 1965 to 1985 were compiled and are presented as well. Apart from the general population, a group of people who have special dietary habits in terms of increased game meat consumption, namely wild boar meat, has been monitored since 2000. In this group, the body content of 137Cs is about two orders of magnitude higher than in the general population.
- MeSH
- celotělové počítání MeSH
- černobylská havárie MeSH
- dieta MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- elektrárny MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidské tělo MeSH
- maso * MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- monitorování radiace MeSH
- obsah radioaktivních látek v organizmu MeSH
- poločas MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu analýza MeSH
- radioaktivní spad analýza MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia analýza moč MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Sus scrofa MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Ukrajina MeSH
- Názvy látek
- Cesium-137 MeSH Prohlížeč
- radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
- radioaktivní spad MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia MeSH
The article deals with evaluation of irradiation of an operator of a 1 MW biogas station (BGS), processing silage plant biomass contaminated by 137Cs and 134Cs. External irradiation and internal irradiation by the means of aerosol particles inhalation were considered. For calculation of the external irradiation, a BGS model was created in the MCNP. The calculated total committed effective doses received by the operator during annual handling of biomass contaminated by 1 kBq per kg of 137Cs or 134Cs were 34 or 69 μSv, respectively. Three scenarios of contamination were evaluated: freshly contaminated silage after model accident, silage right after the Chernobyl accident and at the current radiation situation in the Czech Republic.
- MeSH
- černobylská havárie MeSH
- dávka záření MeSH
- inhalační expozice analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování radiace MeSH
- obsah radioaktivních látek v organizmu MeSH
- radioaktivní kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu analýza MeSH
- radioaktivní spad analýza MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia analýza MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- Cesium-134 MeSH Prohlížeč
- Cesium-137 MeSH Prohlížeč
- radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
- radioaktivní spad MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia MeSH
Mobile phones and common chip cards are very widespread items that almost everyone owns. They contain some radiation-sensitive materials that can be used for dosimetry based on stimulated luminescence. We investigated and compared reproducibility, dose response and fading of luminescence signal for the particular materials. Subsequently, we performed an experiment of a dose reconstruction using mobile phones and chip cards, which were fixed to a slab phantom and irradiated by a 137Cs radiation source in our laboratory. Doses obtained were compared with reference values. The materials investigated can be used for dosimetry in cases of serious radiation accidents or malevolent acts with radioactive materials, when it is extremely important to identify as quickly as possible individuals who received high-radiation doses.
- MeSH
- dávka záření MeSH
- design vybavení MeSH
- fantomy radiodiagnostické MeSH
- kalibrace MeSH
- luminiscence * MeSH
- mobilní telefon * MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia analýza MeSH
- radiometrie přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- termoluminiscenční dozimetrie MeSH
- únik radioaktivních látek * MeSH
- vztah dávky záření a odpovědi MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- Cesium-137 MeSH Prohlížeč
- radioizotopy cesia MeSH
Chemical laboratories of the Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic are part of the radiation monitoring network and participate in the radiation situation monitoring in the Czech Republic. Measurements in situ are crucial for monitoring the radiation situation in emergencies associated with the deposition of radioactive substances on a large area. Those data can be used for estimating a possible dose obtained either by staying in a contaminated area or by consumption of food produced in the area. For correct setting of device parameters (e.g. efficiency calibration), standard samples should be measured regularly. Unlike in laboratory, verification in field conditions is difficult. Therefore, a search for suitable reference areas containing a higher amount of 137Cs homogeneously dispersed after the fall of a radioactive cloud passing through our territory following the Chernobyl accident was conducted. Small airports in the East Bohemia regions were identified as suitable candidates.
- MeSH
- černobylská havárie MeSH
- dávka záření MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování radiace metody MeSH
- radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu analýza MeSH
- radioaktivní spad analýza MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia analýza MeSH
- spektrometrie gama metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- Cesium-137 MeSH Prohlížeč
- radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
- radioaktivní spad MeSH
- radioizotopy cesia MeSH
