OBJECTIVE: HIV testing among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Russia has been documented to be low; however, few studies have been conducted outside of the major metropolitan cities. The aim of this study was to determine how many PWID were aware of their HIV serostatus and what motivators were associated with getting tested for HIV. METHODS: Our analysis describes HIV testing behaviours among 593 PWID in Ivanovo and Novosibirsk, Russia. Participants completed a questionnaire and consented to HIV testing. We used logistic regression modelling to determine demographic and behavioural correlates of HIV testing. RESULTS: Self-reported history of HIV testing was 52% in Ivanovo and 54% in Novosibirsk. Prior knowledge of serostatus was very low among PWID who tested positive (3 of 102 in Ivanovo and 0 of 11 in Novosibirsk). The most common reason for testing was doctor referral, and the most common locations were government HIV/AIDS centres and prisons. HIV testing was rarely client initiated or led by a personal motivation for being tested. CONCLUSIONS: HIV testing in Ivanovo and Novosibirsk is suboptimal, resulting in poor knowledge of HIV serostatus. More programmes to promote HIV testing among PWID are urgently needed in both cities.
- Klíčová slova
- HIV serostatus, HIV testing, Ivanovo, Novosibirsk, Russia, knowledge, people who inject drugs,
- MeSH
- HIV infekce diagnóza etnologie prevence a kontrola psychologie MeSH
- HIV MeSH
- intravenózní abúzus drog komplikace psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- plošný screening MeSH
- sérologické testy při AIDS metody MeSH
- uživatelé drog psychologie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Rusko epidemiologie MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV in Greece. However, research on HIV incidence in this group is lacking. This study aimed at estimating HIV incidence among MSM in Athens, Greece. METHODS: The analysis included routinely collected data between January 2013-June 2015 from adult MSM who visited a community-based facility (Ath Checkpoint) at least twice and were non-reactive to the rapid INSTITM HIV-1/HIV-2 assay at baseline. HIV conversion rates were calculated by dividing the number of clients who became reactive by the person-years of observation. All statistical analyses including Poisson regression models were conducted in STATA 14. RESULTS: A total of 1,243 MSM contributed 1,102.50 person-years (py). The overall (per 100 py) conversion rate was 3.99 (95% CI: 2.97-5.36). In multivariable analyses, age less than 30 years was associated with an increased risk of HIV conversion (rate ratio: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.08-3.76). CONCLUSIONS: This analysis shows high rates of HIV conversion among MSM who repeatedly visit a community-based testing site. Ath Checkpoint could contribute to HIV surveillance and identify a high-risk group that could benefit from essential health interventions.
- Klíčová slova
- HIV incidence, MSM, checkpoint, intervention, testing,
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- HIV infekce diagnóza epidemiologie psychologie MeSH
- HIV séropozitivita epidemiologie MeSH
- homosexualita mužská psychologie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- komunitní zdravotní střediska MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- plošný screening MeSH
- sérologické testy při AIDS MeSH
- sexuální partneři psychologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Řecko epidemiologie MeSH
- MeSH
- AIDS diagnóza epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- dárci krve statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- HIV infekce epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- homosexualita mužská statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- infekční komplikace v těhotenství epidemiologie MeSH
- komorbidita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- míra přežití MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek epidemiologie MeSH
- přenos infekční nemoci statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
- sérologické testy při AIDS statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- vertikální přenos infekce statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
This study is one of the first studies in the Czech Republic evaluating the extent of the HIV epidemic among drug users. Interview data on demographics, drug use, sexual practices, and HIV knowledge and risk perception were obtained from study participants and a saliva sample was obtained for an HIV antibody test. Although the HIV infection rate is low (0.2%), the prevalence of high risk behaviors, such as sharing injecting equipment and unsafe sexual practices, indicate a potential for rapid HIV spread in this high risk population. Preventive measures need to be targeted toward drug users, especially those of younger age and women.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- ELISA MeSH
- HIV infekce epidemiologie etiologie přenos MeSH
- HIV protilátky krev MeSH
- intravenózní abúzus drog komplikace psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- riskování * MeSH
- sérologické testy při AIDS MeSH
- sexuální chování MeSH
- sexuální partneři MeSH
- společné užívání jehel škodlivé účinky psychologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- HIV protilátky MeSH
Enzyme immunoassays are most widely used screening tests for antibodies to human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV). Nevertheless, the need of simpler, noninstrumented tests is evident in many parts of the world, where laboratory facilities and trained personnel are limited, and HIV incidence is high. A recently developed variant of gelatin-particle agglutination tests, Serodia HIV-1/2 (Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan), is one of such simple and noninstrumented tests. To evaluate its utility, 3311 serum samples (281 anti-HIV-1 positive, 8 anti-HIV-2 positive and 3022 anti-HIV-1/2 negative) obtained from 2632 individuals from Slovenia, other parts of former Yugoslavia and Senegal were investigated. No false-negative results and only one false-positive result were obtained during the procedures, giving overall sensitivity and specificity of the particle agglutination test of 100% and 99.97%, respectively. We have concluded that Serodia HIV-1/2 test is highly specific and sensitive for detection of anti-HIV-1/2 antibodies, suitable for small blood banks and for epidemiological surveys.
- MeSH
- aglutinační testy metody MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- falešně pozitivní reakce MeSH
- HIV-1 * MeSH
- HIV-2 * MeSH
- hodnotící studie jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- sérologické testy při AIDS metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Jugoslávie MeSH
National Reference Laboratory on AIDS (NRL AIDS) was established in the National Institute of Public Health by the Ministry of Health in the late 1985. At that time the existence of HIV/AIDS and the potencial spread of this infection/disease even in a socialistic country has been officially recognized. The main tasks of NRL AIDS were and still are the laboratory diagnostic, epidemiology and research of HIV/AIDS. As one of its first steps NRL AIDS introduced HIV antibody testing methods and strongly recommended obligatory screening of all blood donations to assure the safety of blood and blood products. In 1986 NRL AIDS performed the first serological pilot study to gain basic data on HIV infection incidence and prevalence in the Czech population. National HIV/AIDS reporting system has been elaborated at NRL AIDS and connected with the WHO-EC European AIDS Monitoring System. Several national and international collaborative HIV surveillance studies in different population groups are performed and evaluated yearly to monitor the trends in the spread of HIV/AIDS in the Czech Republic. From 1986 through May 1995 a total of 230 cases of HIV infection were reported in the Czech Republic. Of these 62 cases met the criteria for AIDS case definition. Homo/bisexual men are still the most affected population group accounting for 59% of all HIV reported cases. Nevertheless the percentage of heterosexually transmitted infections is constantly increasing, presently accounting for 19% of all infected persons. The activities of NRL AIDS are very broad, including the field of applied research. Several research grants were obtained from the Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health. Results of some of these are included in the National HIV/AIDS Programme of the Czech Republic.
- MeSH
- AIDS dějiny MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- laboratoře dějiny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- sérologické testy při AIDS dějiny MeSH
- výročí a významné události MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Recombinant proteins derived from immunodominant conserved domains of HIV-1 env and gag genes were synthesized in E. coli. An immunoblot system using total cell lysates was employed for the analysis of recombinant bacterial clones. Together 427 serum samples obtained from asymptomatic anti-HIV seropositive individuals, AIDS patients, healthy donors and persons suffering from various conditions were comparatively evaluated for the presence of HIV-1 antibodies using recombinant peptides and commercially available western blot (WB) and ELISA assays. The recombinant antigen product of plasmid pEX41 was found to be superior, with respect to sensitivity and specificity, to the viral gp41 which represents a diagnostically important constituent of the WB.
- MeSH
- epitopy genetika MeSH
- Escherichia coli genetika MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- geny env MeSH
- geny gag MeSH
- HIV obalový protein gp41 genetika imunologie MeSH
- HIV protilátky krev MeSH
- HIV-1 genetika imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rekombinantní proteiny genetika imunologie MeSH
- Retroviridae - proteiny genetika imunologie MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- sérologické testy při AIDS metody statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- epitopy MeSH
- HIV obalový protein gp41 MeSH
- HIV protilátky MeSH
- rekombinantní proteiny MeSH
- Retroviridae - proteiny MeSH
Based on the published sequences of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) isolates highly conserved regions of the gag and env genes containing immunodominant epitopes were selected and expressed in E. coli. The expression vectors pKK24 and pEX41 produced viral proteins recognized by sera obtained from HIV-1 seropositive individuals. A testing system was designed to determine the practical value of bacterially synthesized proteins of HIV-1 gag and env genes for serodiagnosis of HIV-1 infection.
- MeSH
- geny env MeSH
- geny gag MeSH
- HIV korový protein p24 genetika imunologie MeSH
- HIV obalový protein gp41 genetika imunologie MeSH
- HIV-1 genetika imunologie MeSH
- imunodominantní epitopy genetika imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- peptidové fragmenty genetika imunologie MeSH
- rekombinantní fúzní proteiny imunologie MeSH
- sérologické testy při AIDS metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- HIV korový protein p24 MeSH
- HIV obalový protein gp41 MeSH
- imunodominantní epitopy MeSH
- peptidové fragmenty MeSH
- rekombinantní fúzní proteiny MeSH
The author evaluates the present favourable epidemiological situation as regards AIDS in Czechoslovakia. He submits some suggestions for discussion and practice AIDS--control for epidemiologists as well as doctors of other medical disciplines: routine examination of anti-HIV in the population, "denominator" data (numbers and estimates, resp.) of different population groups at increased risk, notification of homosexuals, prevention of HIV infection by means of condoms, psychological problems of affected, public opinion.
- MeSH
- AIDS epidemiologie prevence a kontrola přenos MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- sérologické testy při AIDS MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Československo epidemiologie MeSH
The author examined, using the immunofluorescence test, 107 ant HIV positive sera and 114 sera with false reactions in the ELISA test. He proved a high sensitivity and specificity of the immunofluorescence test in the detection of anti-HIV antibodies, comparable with Western-blot's technique and he established the value of the immunofluorescence test for the identification of the virus antigen on isolation of the virus from HIV infected patients.
