The aim of the study was to assess the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs1 = 2.7 d·nm, AgNPs2 = 6.5 d·nm) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) on Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia candida using toxicity tests (OECD Guideline 220, 232). A 28-day chronic toxicity study was performed to evaluate the reproduction and mortality rate. E. crypticus reproduction was more sensitive to AgNO3 with a 28dEC50 of 86.40 (62.52-119.4) mg·kg-1 dry weight (d.w.) compared to AgNPs1 (28dEC50 = 119.3 (60.4-235.6) mg·kg-1 d.w). Similarly, the reproduction of F. candida was inhibited the most by AgNO3 with a 28dEC50 of 126.2 (104.2-152.9) mg·kg-1 d.w. followed by AgNPs1 (28dEC50 = 158.7 (64.05-393.2) mg·kg-1 d.w.) and AgNPs2 (28dEC50 = 206.4 (181.9-234.1) mg·kg-1 d.w.). No mortalities were observed for tested soil invertebrates exposed to AgNPs at concentrations up to 166 mg·kg-1 d.w. of AgNPs1 and 300 mg·kg-1 d.w. of AgNPs2, respectively. It was found that silver ions are more toxic in comparison with AgNPs.

• Klíčová slova
• EC50, Nano silver, Silver nitrate, Springtail, Worms,
• MeSH
• členovci účinky léků   MeSH
• dusičnan stříbrný toxicita   MeSH
• ionty MeSH
• kovové nanočástice chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• Oligochaeta účinky léků   MeSH
• půda chemie   normy   MeSH
• rozmnožování účinky léků   MeSH
• stříbro chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• testy chronické toxicity MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dusičnan stříbrný MeSH
• ionty MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• půda MeSH
• stříbro MeSH

Atrazine (ATR) is a triazine herbicide banned in the European Union. It remains one of the most widely used herbicides in other parts of the world. Considering the scarcity of data on its possible harm to the environment and to human health, we assessed sub-chronic effects of a 14-day exposure at the environmentally relevant concentration of 6.86 μg/L and at 10% of the 96hLC50 (1.21 mg/L) in crayfish Cherax destructor and their recovery in a 14-day period in ATR-free water. Indicators assessed were behavior; hemolymph biochemical profile; oxidative and antioxidant parameters in gill, hepatopancreas, and muscle; and histology of gill and hepatopancreas. Crayfish exposed to the environmental concentration showed significant differences (P < 0.01) from controls in biochemical parameters of hemolymph (lactate, alkaline phosphatase) and activity of superoxide dismutase, as well as in histology of gill tissue. The higher concentration led to low motor activity, differences in biochemical profile of hemolymph (lactate, alkaline phosphatase, ammonia, glucose), antioxidant biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, reduced glutathione), as well as gill and hepatopancreas histology. Some observed effects persisted after 14-days recovery in ATR-free water. The results provide evidence that environmental concentrations of ATR produce negative effects on freshwater crayfish.

• Klíčová slova
• Biochemical markers, Ecotoxicity, Histology, Invertebrate, Recovery, Triazine,
• MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• atrazin toxicita   MeSH
• biologické markery metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathiontransferasa metabolismus   MeSH
• hemolymfa účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• hepatopankreas cytologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• severní raci cytologie   účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa metabolismus   MeSH
• testy chronické toxicity * MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí * MeSH
• žábry cytologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antioxidancia MeSH
• atrazin MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• glutathiontransferasa MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa MeSH

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) have been dramatically used in industry, biology, and medicine. Despite their interesting physico-chemical properties for application in various industrial, medical, and consumer products, safe use of ZnO NPs are under challenges due to the inadequate information related to their toxicological endpoints. Proteomics was applied to evaluate the sub-lethal effects of dietary exposure to ZnO NPs on serum proteome profile of juvenile common carp, (Cyprinus carpio). Therefore, ZnO NPs solution (500mgkg-1 of feed) was added to a commercial carp feed for six weeks. We compared the serum proteome profile from 7 controls and 7 treated fish. In addition, zinc accumulation were measured in intestine, liver, gill and brain. In total, we were able to identify 326 proteins from 6845 distinct peptides. As a result of the data analysis, the abundance levels of four proteins were significantly altered (fold change (fc) ≥2 and p<0.05) after dietary exposure to ZnO NPs. The protein levels of the complement component C4-2 (fc 2.5) and the uncharacterised protein encoded by kng1 (fc 5.8) were increased and major histocompatibility class I (fc 4.9) and the uncharacterised protein encoded by lum (fc 3.5) were decreased (fc 2.5). Molecular pathway analysis revealed four canonical pathways including acute-phase response signalling, liver and retinoid X receptors activation, and intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin activation pathways as significantly regulated in the treated fish. No significant difference was observed for zinc accumulation in exposed fish compared to controls. In summary, despite no apparent accumulation, ZnO NPs exposure to common carp probably disturbs the fish homeostasis by affecting proteins of the haematological and the immune systems.

• Klíčová slova
• Common carp, Dietary exposure, Nanoparticle, Proteomics, Serum, Zinc oxide,
• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• dietární expozice MeSH
• kapři MeSH
• kovové nanočástice toxicita   MeSH
• oxid zinečnatý toxicita   MeSH
• oxidační stres MeSH
• peroxidace lipidů účinky léků   MeSH
• testy chronické toxicity * MeSH
• zinek toxicita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• oxid zinečnatý MeSH
• zinek MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of terbuthylazine in different developmental stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on the basis of mortality, early ontogeny, occurrence of morphological anomalies, growth rate, and Fulton's condition factor during and at the conclusion of the test. DESIGN: The toxicity tests were performed on carp according to OECD 210 methodology. The developmental stages of carp were exposed to terbuthylazine at four concentrations, 2.9 (reported environmental concentration in Czech rivers); 70; 1,400; and 3,500 µg.L(-1) for 35 days and compared to carps in a non-treated control group. RESULTS: Terbuthylazine in concentration 1,400 and 3,000 µg.L(-1) caused significant (p<0.01) decrease of mass, total length and delayed in development of carp. Fish exposed to terbuthylazine showed alteration of tubular system of caudal kidney. On the basis of histopathological changes the values of LOEC=2.9 µg.L(-1) terbuthylazine were estimated. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic terbuthylazine exposure of early-life stages of common carp affected their growth rate, early ontogeny and histology. Some of the changes were observed only at higher exposures, but change founded in caudal kidney was affected in fish exposed to the real environmental concentration tested (i.e., 2.9 µg.L(-1)).

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• embryo nesavčí účinky léků   MeSH
• kapři embryologie   MeSH
• ledviny účinky léků   embryologie   MeSH
• pesticidy toxicita   MeSH
• testy chronické toxicity MeSH
• triaziny toxicita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• zygota účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• pesticidy MeSH
• terbutylazine MeSH Prohlížeč
• triaziny MeSH

Microcystins (MCs) are primarily hepatotoxins produced by cyanobacteria and are responsible for intoxication in humans and animals. There are many incidents of chronic exposure to MCs, which have been attributed to the inappropriate treatment of water supplies or contaminated food. Using RAW 264.7 macrophages, we showed the potency of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) to stimulate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6) as a consequence of fast nuclear factor κB and nitrogen-activated protein kinase activation. In contrast to other studies, the observed effects were not attributed to the intracellular inhibition of protein phosphatases 1/2A due to lack of specific transmembrane transporters for MCs. However, the MC-LR-induced activation of macrophages was effectively inhibited by a specific peptide that blocks signaling of receptors, which play a pivotal role in the innate immune responses. Taken together, we showed for the first time that MC-LR could interfere with macrophage receptors that are responsible for triggering the above-mentioned signaling pathways. These findings provide an interesting mechanistic explanation of some adverse health outcomes associated with toxic cyanobacteria and MCs.

• MeSH
• buněčné linie účinky léků   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• imunologické faktory toxicita   MeSH
• interleukin-6 metabolismus   MeSH
• makrofágy účinky léků   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• mikrocystiny toxicita   MeSH
• mořské toxiny MeSH
• myši MeSH
• NF-kappa B metabolismus   MeSH
• přirozená imunita účinky léků   MeSH
• proteinfosfatasa 2 metabolismus   MeSH
• sinice patogenita   MeSH
• testy chronické toxicity metody   MeSH
• TNF-alfa metabolismus   MeSH
• zánět chemicky indukované   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zásobování vodou MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• cyanoginosin LR MeSH Prohlížeč
• imunologické faktory MeSH
• interleukin-6, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• interleukin-6 MeSH
• mikrocystiny MeSH
• mořské toxiny MeSH
• NF-kappa B MeSH
• proteinfosfatasa 2 MeSH
• TNF-alfa MeSH

Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are a global threat to human health and aquatic biota. While the ecotoxicity of cyanobacterial toxins such as microcystins has been studied extensively, little is known about the risks they pose in the wild, i.e. within complex biomasses. In this work, crustaceans (Daphnia magna) were exposed to varying concentrations (0-405 mg d.w L(-1)) of eight complex cyanobacterial water bloom samples in a series of acute (48 h) and chronic (21 day) toxicity experiments. Further acute and chronic exposure assays were performed using aqueous extracts of the crude biomass samples and two fractions prepared by solid phase extraction (SPE) of the aqueous extracts. The cyanobacterial biomasses differed with respect to their dominant cyanobacterial species and microcystin contents. High acute toxicity was observed for 6 of the 8 crude biomass samples. Chronic exposure assays were performed using one complex biomass sample and its various subsamples/fractions. The complex biomass, the crude aqueous extract, and the microcystin-free SPE permeate all elicited similar and significant lethal effects, with LC50 values of around 35.6 mg biomass d.w L(-1) after 21 days. The cyanobacterial biomass samples also affected reproductive health, significantly increasing the time to the first brood (LOEC = 45 mg d.w L(-1) exposure) and inhibiting fecundity by 50% at 15 mg d.w L(-1). Conversely, the microcystin-containing C18-SPE eluate fraction had only weak effects in the chronic assay. These results indicate that cyanobacterial water blooms are highly toxic to zooplankton (both acutely and chronically) at environmentally relevant concentrations. However, the effects observed in the acute and chronic assays were independent of the samples' microcystin contents. Our results thus point out the importance of other cyanobacterial components such as lipopolysaccharides, various peptides and depsipeptides, polar alkaloid metabolites or other unidentified metabolites in the overall ecotoxicity of complex cyanobacterial blooms.

• Klíčová slova
• Cyanobacterial bloom, Cyanotoxin, Daphnia magna, Microcystin, Reproduction,
• MeSH
• bakteriální toxiny toxicita   MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• Daphnia účinky léků   MeSH
• mikrocystiny toxicita   MeSH
• rozmnožování účinky léků   MeSH
• sinice chemie   MeSH
• škodlivý vodní květ * MeSH
• testy akutní toxicity MeSH
• testy chronické toxicity MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriální toxiny MeSH
• microcystin MeSH Prohlížeč
• mikrocystiny MeSH

UV filters belong to a group of compounds that are used by humans and are present in municipal waste-waters, effluents from sewage treatment plants and surface waters. Current information regarding UV filters and their effects on fish is limited. In this study, the occurrence of three commonly used UV filters - 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (benzophenone-3, BP-3) and 5-benzoyl-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-benzenesulfonic acid (benzophenone-4, BP-4) - in South Bohemia (Czech Republic) surface waters is presented. PBSA concentrations (up to 13μgL(-1)) were significantly greater than BP-3 or BP-4 concentrations (up to 620 and 390ngL(-1), respectively). On the basis of these results, PBSA was selected for use in a toxicity test utilizing the common model organism rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were exposed to three concentrations of PBSA (1, 10 and 1000µgL(-1)) for 21 and 42 days. The PBSA concentrations in the fish plasma, liver and kidneys were elevated after 21 and 42 days of exposure. PBSA increased activity of certain P450 cytochromes. Exposure to PBSA also changed various biochemical parameters and enzyme activities in the fish plasma. However, no pathological changes were obvious in the liver or gonads.

• Klíčová slova
• 2-Phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid, 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate, 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid, 4-methyl-benzylidene camphor, 4MBC, BP-3, BP-4, Chronic toxicity test, EHMC, OC, PBSA, PPCPs, Rainbow trout, Surface water, UV filters, benzophenone-3, benzophenone-4, octocrylene, pharmaceuticals and personal care products,
• MeSH
• benzimidazoly analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• cytochromy metabolismus   MeSH
• játra účinky léků   MeSH
• kyseliny sulfonové analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• Oncorhynchus mykiss fyziologie   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• přípravky chránící proti slunci analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• testy chronické toxicity MeSH
• voda chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• benzimidazoly MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• cytochromy MeSH
• ensulizole MeSH Prohlížeč
• kyseliny sulfonové MeSH
• přípravky chránící proti slunci MeSH
• voda MeSH

The article describes a method for screening for the risk of chronic surface water pollution which was developed at the T. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute. The approach, which is based on exotoxicological analyses, can be classed as a rapid method of assessment. The degree of risk of chronic effects surface water pollution is determined from an evaluation of two major parameters-toxicity and genotoxicity. As the method utilizes relative simple procedures for sample collection, pretreatment of the sample, chemical analyses, bioassays and results assessment, this approach is suitable for widespread practical use. Extensive utilization of this approach for assessing river basins in the Czech Republic has proved its suitability for a more sophisticated detection of the biological impact of surface water pollution. This is documented in the article where the method is used in a study of the Bílina River, and in the overview of the results of the risk assessment of chronic effects of surface water pollution in selected sections of three international river basins in the Czech Republic.

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• chemické znečištění vody statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• řeky chemie   MeSH
• testy chronické toxicity metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH

OBJECTIVES: This work assessed the subchronic effects of the triazine compounds terbuthylazine and metribuzin on embryo-larval stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) using biotransformation enzyme and selected oxidative stress parameters. DESIGN: Early developmental stages of fish, from embryo to larvae, were exposed to terbuthylazine at concentrations of 0.9, 160, 520, and 820 μg/L, and metribuzin at concentrations of 0.9, 4, 14, and 32 mg/L for 30 days and compared to the non-treated control group. For assessment of free radical defence the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured; the lipid peroxidation (TBARS) level was determined as a marker of free radical damage. RESULTS: Terbuthylazine had no significant effect (p>0.05) at any tested concentrations on GST activity. Terbuthylazine caused an increase (p<0.05) in GR activity at the concentration of 520 μg/L. We found a non-significant (p>0.05) effect of terbuthylazine exposure on TBARS level. In metribuzin treated groups, the activity of GST was increased (p<0.05) in all experimental groups, with the highest at the concentration of 32 mg/L. GR activity was increased in the 0.9, 4, and 14 mg/L groups and the TBARS levels were the highest in the 0.9 mg/L group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that terbuthylazine and metribuzin induced oxidative stress in embryo-larval stages of common carp. Increased activities of biotransformation enzymes or antioxidant defence enzymes were markers of free radical attack. There was low lipid peroxidation in early developed fish after triazine exposure.

• MeSH
• biologické markery metabolismus   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita   MeSH
• embryo nesavčí účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• fenoly metabolismus   MeSH
• herbicidy toxicita   MeSH
• kapři embryologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• látky reagující s kyselinou thiobarbiturovou metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• peroxidace lipidů účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty metabolismus   MeSH
• testy chronické toxicity MeSH
• triaziny toxicita   MeSH
• volné radikály metabolismus   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antioxidant biofactor AOB MeSH Prohlížeč
• biologické markery MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• fenoly MeSH
• herbicidy MeSH
• látky reagující s kyselinou thiobarbiturovou MeSH
• metribuzin MeSH Prohlížeč
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH
• terbutylazine MeSH Prohlížeč
• triaziny MeSH
• volné radikály MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Terbuthylazine belongs to the group of symmetrical triazine herbicides used extensively in agriculture and non-agricultural sites, primarily to control broadleaf and some grassy weeds that have become ubiquitous contaminants of the environment. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of terbuthylazine in surface waters on fish under experimental conditions. The effects of subchronic exposure to terbuthylazine on fish growth and the development of histopathological changes in selected organs (gill, kidney, liver), and on the activity of some biochemical parameters - glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and on the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in Danio rerio were investigated during a 28 day toxicity test. METHODS: Juvenile growth tests were performed on Danio rerio according to OECD guideline No. 215. Fish at the age of 30 days were exposed for 28 days to a range of sublethal concentrations of terbuthylazine (0.55 - environmental concentration, 150, 400, 700 and 1000 μg/L). RESULTS: There were no significant differences (p<0.05) between the specific growth rates (r) of the test groups and control group. Histopathological examination revealed pathological changes only in the liver in fish exposed to terbuthylazine at concentrations of 700 and 1000 μg/L. Significant differences (p<0.05) in activities of biochemical markers were found in GST (400, 700 and 1000 μg/L), GR (700 and 1000 μg/L), significant differences (p<0.05) of TBARS concentration were found at 1000 μg/L. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of growth rate, the histopathological examination of selected organs, and the results of biochemical parameters, it was found that the environmental concentration of terbuthylazine did not have any effects on juvenile D. rerio. The values of NOEC and LOEC for terbuthylazine for juvenile D. rerio were 150 μg/L and 400 μg/L.

• MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu farmakokinetika   toxicita   MeSH
• dánio pruhované růst a vývoj   MeSH
• hepatocyty účinky léků   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• herbicidy farmakokinetika   toxicita   MeSH
• látky reagující s kyselinou thiobarbiturovou metabolismus   MeSH
• ledviny účinky léků   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• lékové postižení jater metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• testy chronické toxicity MeSH
• triaziny farmakokinetika   toxicita   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• žábry účinky léků   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• herbicidy MeSH
• látky reagující s kyselinou thiobarbiturovou MeSH
• terbutylazine MeSH Prohlížeč
• triaziny MeSH