One of the most remarkable examples of Batesian mimicry occurs in the genus Temnostoma Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (Diptera: Syrphidae). Adults of this genus have an overall resemblance to hymenopterans combined with behavioural mimicry (they move the fore legs in front of the head mimicking hymenopteran antennae). While some species of Temnostoma are considered highly accurate mimics of social wasps, other species have a darker colour pattern and are rather relatively poor yellowjacket mimics. Both colour phenotypes are widespread through the Holarctic. Here, we infer for the first time the evolutionary history of the genus with special focus on the evolution of mimicry and biogeography. With material covering 75 % of known species of Temnostoma and both colour phenotypes from each biogeographical region, we inferred a molecular phylogeny based on six molecular markers (mitochondrial protein-coding COI gene, nuclear 28 s rRNA gene, and four nuclear protein-coding genes: AATS, CK1, TULP, and RBP-15). Using Bayesian inference, we obtained a highly resolved phylogenetic tree supporting the monophyly of the genus Temnostoma as a sister group of genus Takaomyia Hervé-Bazin, 1914. Within Temnostoma, Te. daochus and Te. barberi (two Nearctic species with strikingly different mimicry patterns) were found to be closely related to each other and together form a lineage sister to the rest of the genus. Our results suggest that the behavioural mimicry of wasp antennae is a plesiomorphic state inherited from a common ancestor that includes the genera Temnostoma and Takaomyia. Within Temnostoma, the dark colour pattern (poor yellowjacket mimicry) appears to be an ancestral state and highly accurate social wasp mimicry has appeared two times independently within the genus. In some species inhabiting northern parts of the Holarctic, secondary darkening and consequent degradation of the yellowjacket mimicry appeared. This indicates high evolutionary plasticity and ongoing selection pressure on morphological characters related to mimicry in hover flies.
- Klíčová slova
- Batesian mimicry, Flower flies, Hover flies, Hoverflies, Molecular phylogeny, imperfect mimicry, perfect mimicry,
- MeSH
- Bayesova věta MeSH
- biologická evoluce * MeSH
- Diptera * genetika klasifikace MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- fylogeografie MeSH
- mimikry * genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- sršňovití genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
We describe the earliest known representatives of the subfamily Hesperininae, and species of the extant genus Penthetria, from mid-Cretaceous amber of Myanmar. Penthetria is represented by Penthetria tenue sp. nov. and Penthetria tipuloides sp. nov. We also describe seven new species in the recently described genus Protopenthetria Li et al, 2021, which we also provisionally place in Hesperininae. In the nominate subgenus we describe Protopenthetria (s.str.) rectangula sp. nov. and P. (s.str.) longicornis sp. nov. which are probably related to Protopenthetria skartveiti Li et al., 2021. The new subgenus Megacephaletria subgen.n. is described, including five species, Protopenthetria (Megacephaletria) bicoloripes sp. nov., P. (M.) coronata sp. nov., P. (M.) crassitarsalis sp. nov., P. (M.) globistylus sp. nov. and P. (M.) pallipes sp. nov. The present results suggest that Myanmar amber includes a species-rich fauna of bibionid flies.
- MeSH
- anatomické struktury zvířat anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- Diptera * klasifikace anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- jantar * chemie MeSH
- rozšíření zvířat MeSH
- velikost orgánu MeSH
- velikost těla MeSH
- zkameněliny * anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Myanmar MeSH
- Názvy látek
- jantar * MeSH
An uncommon host-parasite relationship is presented: Carnus hemapterus Nitzsch, 1818 (Diptera: Carnidae) parasiting fledgling of Coracias garrulus Linnaeus, 1758. This host association has hitherto not been recorded from the territory of Romania.
- MeSH
- Diptera * klasifikace MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
- nemoci ptáků parazitologie epidemiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Rumunsko epidemiologie MeSH
New data on the Palaearctic subgenus Holoclera Schiner of dance flies of the genus Rhamphomyia Meigen (Diptera: Empididae) are reported. Three new species are described: Rhamphomyia (Holoclera) richterae sp. nov. (Russia: Adygea, Krasnodarskiy Territory), R. (H.) stepankubiki sp. nov. (Armenia, Turkey), and R. (H.) vikhrevi sp. nov. (Morocco). New extensive distributional data are provided, especially for the Eastern Palaearctic. The subgenus has been found to have a trans-Palaearctic distribution. However, only five of 23 named species, which this group comprises, occur beyond the Urals. The distribution of R. (H.) culicina (Fallén) and R. (H.) sciarina (Fallén) (both R. (H.) flava group) extends to the east as far as the Russian Far East (Magadanskaya and Amurskaya Provinces, respectively). Amongst the species of the R. (H.) nigripennis group, R. (H.) nigripennis (Fabricius) has the broadest distribution extending to the east as far as Krasnoyarskiy Territory of Russia (Eastern Siberia). In addition, R. (H.) lamellata Collin and R. (H.) caliginosa Collin were recorded from Western Siberia and Kyrgyzstan, respectively. The latter is the first record of R. (Holoclera) from Middle Asia. Only one species (R. (H.) sciarina) occurs in the subarctic regions of Asia (Taymyr Peninsula). The following records are new for the states noted: R. (H.) helvetica Barták & Kubík (France and Germany), R. (H.) lamellata (Estonia, Finland and Ukraine), R. (H.) trigemina Oldenberg (Estonia and Sweden), R. (H.) umbripennis Meigen (Armenia), R. (H.) variabilis (Fallén) (Ukraine). An updated key to species of Holoclera from the Palaearctic Region is provided.
- MeSH
- anatomické struktury zvířat * anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- Diptera * anatomie a histologie klasifikace MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- rozšíření zvířat * MeSH
- velikost orgánu MeSH
- velikost těla * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Arménie MeSH
- Maroko MeSH
- Rusko MeSH
- Turecko MeSH
We present a case of a botfly larva (Gasterophilus intestinalis (De Geer, 1776)) that was removed from a horse's stomach during gastroscopy. Additionally, we provide a detailed yet unconventional perspective on the research of botfly presence in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Through citizen science, we confirm the occurrence of two species of Hypodermatinae, among which Hypoderma diana Brauer, 1858 is relatively common. In the subfamily Oestrinae, we confirmed the occurrence of three species. Cephenemyia stimulator (Clark, 1815) is very common, which suggests that this species could negatively impact deer populations and their vitality. On the other hand, species reproductively linked to livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats) are relatively rare, which may be associated with the transition to stable-based farming of these animals.
- MeSH
- Diptera * klasifikace MeSH
- koně MeSH
- larva klasifikace MeSH
- myiáza * veterinární parazitologie epidemiologie MeSH
- občanská věda MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
- Slovenská republika epidemiologie MeSH
Twelve new species of Platypalpus Macquart from Europe and the Middle East are described, classified in three out of the eleven West-Palaearctic species groups. The albiseta group is represented by only one species: P. flavisetoides sp. nov. (Turkey). Two species belong to the longicornis group: P. curvifemur sp. nov. (Turkey) and P. vercorsensis sp. nov. (France). The pallidiventris-cursitans group is the most abundant group with nine species: P. exsectus sp. nov. (Bulgaria), P. huzur sp. nov. (Turkey, Greece), P. kayakoyensis sp. nov. (Turkey), P. kubiki sp. nov. (Spain), P. lorcaensis sp. nov. (Spain), P. sanrossorensis sp. nov. (Italy), P. serviae sp. nov. (Spain, Portugal), P. slovacus sp. nov. (Slovakia) and P. turgidoides sp. nov. (Spain).
- MeSH
- anatomické struktury zvířat anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- Diptera * klasifikace anatomie a histologie MeSH
- rozšíření zvířat * MeSH
- velikost orgánu MeSH
- velikost těla MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- Střední východ MeSH
The faunistics of long-legged flies of the genera Corindia Bickel, 1986 and Thrypticus Gerstäcker, 1864 in the Czech Republic (subdivided into Bohemia and Moravia) were investigated. The occurrence of 14 species could be confirmed with 13 in Thrypticus, including Thrypticus bolevensis sp. nov., and one species of Corindia. Six species are recorded from the Czech Republic for the first time: Thrypticus cynicus Drake & Godfrey, 2023, T. intercedens Negrobov, 1967, T. nigricauda Wood, 1913, T. pollinosus Verrall, 1912, T. tarsalis Parent, 1932 and T. virescens Negrobov, 1967; and three other species from Bohemia for the first time: Corindia viridis (Parent, 1932), Thrypticus cuneatus (Becker, 1917) and T. laetus Verrall, 1912. An updated checklist of Corindia and Thrypticus species of the Czech Republic is provided.
- MeSH
- anatomické struktury zvířat anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- Diptera * klasifikace anatomie a histologie MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- rozšíření zvířat * MeSH
- velikost orgánu MeSH
- velikost těla MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Nineteen species of various families of the order Diptera and one species from the order Mecoptera are investigated with mass spectrometry for the presence and primary structure of putative adipokinetic hormones (AKHs). Additionally, the peptide structure of putative AKHs in other Diptera are deduced from data mining of publicly available genomic or transcriptomic data. The study aims to demonstrate the structural biodiversity of AKHs in this insect order and also possible evolutionary trends. Sequence analysis of AKHs is achieved by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The corpora cardiaca of almost all dipteran species contain AKH octapeptides, a decapeptide is an exception found only in one species. In general, the dipteran AKHs are order-specific- they are not found in any other insect order with two exceptions only. Four novel AKHs are revealed by mass spectrometry: two in the basal infraorder of Tipulomorpha and two in the brachyceran family Syrphidae. Data mining revealed another four novel AKHs: one in various species of the infraorder Culicumorpha, one in the brachyceran superfamily Asiloidea, one in the family Diopsidae and in a Drosophilidae species, and the last of the novel AKHs is found in yet another Drosophila. In general, there is quite a biodiversity in the lower Diptera, whereas the majority of the cyclorraphan Brachycera produce the octapeptide Phote-HrTH. A hypothetical molecular peptide evolution of dipteran AKHs is suggested to start with an ancestral AKH, such as Glomo-AKH, from which all other AKHs in Diptera to date can evolve via point mutation of one of the base triplets, with one exception.
- Klíčová slova
- adipokinetic and hypertrahalosemic biological assays, adipokinetic peptides, diptera, fly phylogeny, mass spectrometry,
- MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- Diptera chemie klasifikace genetika metabolismus MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- hmyzí hormony analýza chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina pyrrolidonkarboxylová analogy a deriváty analýza chemie metabolismus MeSH
- molekulární evoluce * MeSH
- oligopeptidy analýza chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- peptidy analýza chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- adipokinetic hormone MeSH Prohlížeč
- hmyzí hormony MeSH
- kyselina pyrrolidonkarboxylová MeSH
- oligopeptidy MeSH
- peptidy MeSH
Despite more than 250 years of taxonomic research, we still have only a vague idea about the true size and composition of the faunas and floras of the planet. Many biodiversity inventories provide limited insight because they focus on a small taxonomic subsample or a tiny geographic area. Here, we report on the size and composition of the Swedish insect fauna, thought to represent roughly half of the diversity of multicellular life in one of the largest European countries. Our results are based on more than a decade of data from the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative and its massive inventory of the country's insect fauna, the Swedish Malaise Trap Project The fauna is considered one of the best known in the world, but the initiative has nevertheless revealed a surprising amount of hidden diversity: more than 3,000 new species (301 new to science) have been documented so far. Here, we use three independent methods to analyze the true size and composition of the fauna at the family or subfamily level: (1) assessments by experts who have been working on the most poorly known groups in the fauna; (2) estimates based on the proportion of new species discovered in the Malaise trap inventory; and (3) extrapolations based on species abundance and incidence data from the inventory. For the last method, we develop a new estimator, the combined non-parametric estimator, which we show is less sensitive to poor coverage of the species pool than other popular estimators. The three methods converge on similar estimates of the size and composition of the fauna, suggesting that it comprises around 33,000 species. Of those, 8,600 (26%) were unknown at the start of the inventory and 5,000 (15%) still await discovery. We analyze the taxonomic and ecological composition of the estimated fauna, and show that most of the new species belong to Hymenoptera and Diptera groups that are decomposers or parasitoids. Thus, current knowledge of the Swedish insect fauna is strongly biased taxonomically and ecologically, and we show that similar but even stronger biases have distorted our understanding of the fauna in the past. We analyze latitudinal gradients in the size and composition of known European insect faunas and show that several of the patterns contradict the Swedish data, presumably due to similar knowledge biases. Addressing these biases is critical in understanding insect biomes and the ecosystem services they provide. Our results emphasize the need to broaden the taxonomic scope of current insect monitoring efforts, a task that is all the more urgent as recent studies indicate a possible worldwide decline in insect faunas.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita * MeSH
- Diptera klasifikace MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- extinkce biologická * MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- hmyz klasifikace MeSH
- sčítání lidu * MeSH
- záznamy jako téma MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- Švédsko MeSH
Horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) are of medical and veterinary importance since they transmit a range of pathogens. The horse fly fauna of tropical Africa is still poorly known, and in some geographical areas has not been studied for decades. This study summarizes the results of tabanid collections performed in three West African countries where only sparse data were previously available, the Central African Republic (CAR), Gabon and Liberia. Of 1093 collected specimens, 28 morphospecies and 26 genospecies belonging to six genera were identified, including the first findings of eleven morphospecies in the countries where horse flies were collected: Philoliche (Subpangonia) gravoti Surcouf, 1908 and Tabanus ianthinus Surcouf, 1907 are new records for Liberia; Ancala fasciata f. mixta (Surcouf, 1914), Tabanus fraternus Macquart, 1846, and T. triquetrornatus Carter, 1915 for CAR; Chrysops longicornis Macquart, 1838, Haematopota albihirta Karsch, 1887, H. bowdeni Oldroyd, 1952, and H. brucei Austen, 1908 for Gabon; and Tabanus secedens f. regnaulti Surcouf, 1912 and T. thoracinus Palisot de Beauvois, 1807 for Gabon and Liberia. Species identification of all 28 morphospecies based on morphological features was further supplemented by barcoding of cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Based on the COI sequences of 115 specimens representing 74 haplotypes, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to illustrate the relationships among the tabanid species found and to demonstrate their intra- and interspecific divergences. Our study enriches the current number of barcoded tabanids with another 22 genospecies. Based on the analysis of molecular data we question the taxonomic relevance of the morphological forms Ancala fasciata f. mixta and Tabanus secedens f. regnaulti. A parasitological survey based on nested PCR of 18S rRNA revealed a high (˜25%) prevalence of Trypanosoma theileri in the studied horse flies, accompanied by two species of monoxenous trypanosomatids, Crithidia mellificae and Blastocrithidia sp.
- Klíčová slova
- Blastocrithidia, COI, Central African Republic, Crithidia, Cytochrome c oxidase 1, DNA barcoding, Gabon, Liberia, Morphology, Tabanids, Tabanus secedens, Trypanosoma, Trypanosomatids, Vectors,
- MeSH
- Diptera klasifikace genetika parazitologie MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- taxonomické DNA čárové kódování MeSH
- Trypanosoma genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- západní Afrika MeSH
