Simpler and biocompatible greener approaches for the assembly of nanoparticles (NPs) have been the focus lately which have minimum environmental damage and often entails the use of natural biomolecules to synthesize NPs. Such greener synthesis of nanoparticles has capitalized on the use of microbes, fungi, and plants using biological resources. In this study, Periplaneta americana (American cockroach) wings' extract (chitin-rich) is studied as a novel biomaterial for the first time to synthesize silver NPs (less than 50 nm); chitin is the second most abundant polymer after cellulose on earth. The physicochemical properties of these NPs were analyzed using UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The insecticidal effect of ensuing NPs was examined on the mortality of Aphis gossypii under laboratory conditions; 48 h after treatments of A. gossypii with silver NPs (100 μg/ml), the mortality rate in treated aphids was about 40% (an average), while an average percentage of losses in the control sample was about 10%. These results indicate the lethal effect of green-synthesized silver NPs on A. gossypii, in vitro. Greener synthesis of silver nanoparticles using American cockroach wings and their insecticidal activities.
- Klíčová slova
- American cockroach, Green synthesis, Insecticidal activity, Lethal effect, Natural biomolecules, Silver nanoparticle,
- MeSH
- biokompatibilní materiály chemie MeSH
- celulosa chemie MeSH
- chitin chemie MeSH
- difrakce rentgenového záření MeSH
- insekticidy farmakologie MeSH
- kovové nanočástice chemie MeSH
- křídla zvířecí chemie MeSH
- Periplaneta chemie MeSH
- polymery chemie MeSH
- průmyslová mikrobiologie metody MeSH
- spektrofotometrie ultrafialová MeSH
- stříbro chemie MeSH
- technologie zelené chemie metody MeSH
- transmisní elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- biokompatibilní materiály MeSH
- celulosa MeSH
- chitin MeSH
- insekticidy MeSH
- polymery MeSH
- stříbro MeSH
Chitin, a polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), is a major structural component in chitin-containing organism including crustaceans, insects and fungi. Mammals express two chitinases, chitotriosidase (Chit1) and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase). Here, we report that pig AMCase is stable in the presence of other digestive proteases and functions as chitinolytic enzyme under the gastrointestinal conditions. Quantification of chitinases expression in pig tissues using quantitative real-time PCR showed that Chit1 mRNA was highly expressed in eyes, whereas the AMCase mRNA was predominantly expressed in stomach at even higher levels than the housekeeping genes. AMCase purified from pig stomach has highest activity at pH of around 2-4 and remains active at up to pH 7.0. It was resistant to robust proteolytic activities of pepsin at pH 2.0 and trypsin and chymotrypsin at pH 7.6. AMCase degraded polymeric chitin substrates including mealworm shells to GlcNAc dimers. Furthermore, we visualized chitin digestion of fly wings by endogenous AMCase and pepsin in stomach extract. Thus, pig AMCase can function as a protease resistant chitin digestive enzyme at broad pH range present in stomach as well as in the intestine. These results indicate that chitin-containing organisms may be a sustainable feed ingredient in pig diet.
- MeSH
- chitin metabolismus MeSH
- chitinasy genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- chymotrypsin metabolismus MeSH
- dieta * MeSH
- Drosophila chemie MeSH
- endopeptidasy metabolismus MeSH
- gastrointestinální trakt metabolismus MeSH
- křídla zvířecí chemie MeSH
- messenger RNA genetika metabolismus MeSH
- orgánová specificita MeSH
- pepsinogen A metabolismus MeSH
- prasata genetika MeSH
- rozpustnost MeSH
- substrátová specifita MeSH
- Tenebrio MeSH
- tkáňové extrakty MeSH
- trypsin metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chitin MeSH
- chitinasy MeSH
- chymotrypsin MeSH
- endopeptidasy MeSH
- messenger RNA MeSH
- pepsinogen A MeSH
- tkáňové extrakty MeSH
- trypsin MeSH
The spatial distribution of neutral lipids and hydrocarbons has been imaged using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry on intact plant and insect surfaces, namely wings and legs of the gray flesh fly (Neobellieria bullata), wings of common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), leaves of thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), and leaves of date palm tree (Phoenix sp.). The distribution of wax esters (WEs) and saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons (HCs) was visualized. The samples were attached on a target and multiply sprayed with lithium or sodium 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate. The deposits were homogenous, consisting of small islands (50-150 microm) of matrix crystals separated by small areas (10 microm) of uncovered cuticle. Samples of N. bullata wings were found to contain HCs and WEs distributed close to their basal parts. The distribution of sodium and potassium ions was visualized on samples prepared by sublimation of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Pheromonal dienes were detected on D. melanogaster female wings. A homogenous distribution of saturated WEs was observed on A. thaliana and Phoenix sp. leaf samples. The optimum number of laser shots per pixel was found to be higher than for polar compounds imaging.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis anatomie a histologie chemie MeSH
- Arecaceae anatomie a histologie MeSH
- Diptera anatomie a histologie chemie MeSH
- draslík chemie MeSH
- Drosophila melanogaster anatomie a histologie MeSH
- fotografování MeSH
- gentisáty chemie MeSH
- hmyzí proteiny chemie MeSH
- křídla zvířecí anatomie a histologie chemie MeSH
- lipidy analýza chemie MeSH
- listy rostlin chemie MeSH
- lithium chemie MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu metody MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny chemie MeSH
- sodík chemie MeSH
- spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice metody MeSH
- uhlovodíky chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
- draslík MeSH
- gentisáty MeSH
- hmyzí proteiny MeSH
- lipidy MeSH
- lithium MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
- sodík MeSH
- uhlovodíky MeSH
The applicability of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to the analysis of wax esters (WEs) was investigated. A series of metal salts of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) was synthesized and tested as possible matrices. Alkali metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) and transition metal (Cu, Ag) salts were studied. The matrix properties were evaluated, including solubility in organic solvents, threshold laser power that should be applied for successful desorption/ionization of WEs, the nature of the matrix ions and the mass range occupied by them, and the complexity of the isotope clusters for individual metals. Lithium salt of dihydroxybenzoic acid (LiDHB) performed the best and matrices with purified lithium isotopes ((6)LiDHB or (7)LiDHB) were recommended for WEs. Three sample preparation procedures were compared: (1) mixing the sample and matrix in a glass vial and deposition of the mixture on a MALDI plate (Mix), (2) deposition of sample followed by deposition of matrix (Sa/Ma), and (3) deposition of matrix followed by deposition of sample (Ma/Sa). Morphology of the samples was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The best sample preparation technique was Ma/Sa with the optimum sample to matrix molar ratio 1 : 100. Detection limit was in the low picomolar range. The relative response of WEs decreased with their molecular weight, and minor differences between signals of saturated and monounsaturated WEs were observed. MALDI spectra of WEs showed molecular adducts with lithium [M + Li](+). Fragments observed in postsource decay (PSD) spectra were related to the acidic part of WEs [RCOOH + Li](+) and they were used for structure assignment. MALDI with LiDHB was used for several samples of natural origin, including insect and plant WEs. A good agreement with GC/MS data was achieved. Moreover, MALDI allowed higher WEs to be analyzed, up to 64 carbon atoms in Ginkgo biloba leaves extract.
- MeSH
- alkalické kovy chemie MeSH
- Diptera chemie MeSH
- estery analýza MeSH
- gentisáty chemie MeSH
- Ginkgo biloba chemie MeSH
- křídla zvířecí chemie MeSH
- listy rostlin chemie MeSH
- lithium chemie MeSH
- měď chemie MeSH
- molekulová hmotnost MeSH
- rozpouštědla chemie MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- soli chemie MeSH
- spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice metody MeSH
- stříbro chemie MeSH
- vosky analýza chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
- alkalické kovy MeSH
- beeswax MeSH Prohlížeč
- estery MeSH
- gentisáty MeSH
- lithium MeSH
- měď MeSH
- rozpouštědla MeSH
- soli MeSH
- stříbro MeSH
- vosky MeSH
