Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are endogenous bioactive lipids known for their anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. Despite their therapeutic potential, little is known about the sex-specific variations in FAHFA metabolism. This study investigated the role of sex and Androgen Dependent TFPI Regulating Protein (ADTRP), a FAHFA hydrolase. Additionally, tissue-specific differences in FAHFA levels, focusing on the perigonadal white adipose tissue (pgWAT), subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), plasma, and liver, were evaluated using metabolomics and lipidomics. We found that female mice exhibited higher FAHFA levels in pgWAT, scWAT, and BAT compared to males. FAHFA levels were inversely related to testosterone and Adtrp mRNA, which showed significantly lower expression in females compared with males in pgWAT and scWAT. However, no significant differences between the sexes were observed in plasma and liver FAHFA levels. Adtrp deletion had minimal impact on both sexes' metabolome and lipidome of pgWAT. However, we discovered higher endogenous levels of triacylglycerol estolides containing FAHFAs, a FAHFA metabolic reservoir, in the pgWAT of female mice. These findings suggest that sex-dependent differences in FAHFA levels occur primarily in specific WAT depots and may modulate local insulin sensitivity in adipocytes, and the role of ADTRP is limited to adipose depots. However, further investigations are warranted to fully comprehend the underlying mechanisms and implications of sex-dependent regulation of human FAHFA metabolism.
- Klíčová slova
- Adipose tissue, Adtrp, FAHFA, Female, Lipokines, Lipolysis and fatty acid metabolism, Male,
- MeSH
- bílá tuková tkáň * metabolismus MeSH
- estery metabolismus MeSH
- hnědá tuková tkáň metabolismus MeSH
- játra metabolismus MeSH
- mastné kyseliny * metabolismus MeSH
- metabolismus lipidů MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši MeSH
- orgánová specificita MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- estery MeSH
- mastné kyseliny * MeSH
Regulation of gene expression is arguably the main mechanism underlying the phenotypic diversity of tissues within and between species. Here we assembled an extensive transcriptomic dataset covering 8 tissues across 20 bilaterian species and performed analyses using a symmetric phylogeny that allowed the combined and parallel investigation of gene expression evolution between vertebrates and insects. We specifically focused on widely conserved ancestral genes, identifying strong cores of pan-bilaterian tissue-specific genes and even larger groups that diverged to define vertebrate and insect tissues. Systematic inferences of tissue-specificity gains and losses show that nearly half of all ancestral genes have been recruited into tissue-specific transcriptomes. This occurred during both ancient and, especially, recent bilaterian evolution, with several gains being associated with the emergence of unique phenotypes (for example, novel cell types). Such pervasive evolution of tissue specificity was linked to gene duplication coupled with expression specialization of one of the copies, revealing an unappreciated prolonged effect of whole-genome duplications on recent vertebrate evolution.
- MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- hmyz * genetika MeSH
- molekulární evoluce * MeSH
- obratlovci * genetika MeSH
- orgánová specificita MeSH
- transkriptom MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: MAPK/ERK signaling is a well-known mediator of extracellular stimuli controlling intracellular responses to growth factors and mechanical cues. The critical requirement of MAPK/ERK signaling for embryonic stem cell maintenance is demonstrated, but specific functions in progenitor regulation during embryonic development, and in particular kidney development remain largely unexplored. We previously demonstrated MAPK/ERK signaling as a key regulator of kidney growth through branching morphogenesis and normal nephrogenesis where it also regulates progenitor expansion. Here, we performed RNA sequencing-based whole-genome expression analysis to identify transcriptional MAPK/ERK targets in two distinct renal populations: the ureteric bud epithelium and the nephron progenitors. RESULTS: Our analysis revealed a large number (5053) of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in nephron progenitors and significantly less (1004) in ureteric bud epithelium, reflecting likely heterogenicity of cell types. The data analysis identified high tissue-specificity, as only a fraction (362) of MAPK/ERK targets are shared between the two tissues. Tissue-specific MAPK/ERK targets participate in the regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism in nephron progenitors, which fail to maintain normal mitochondria numbers in the MAPK/ERK-deficient tissue. In the ureteric bud epithelium, a dramatic decline in progenitor-specific gene expression was detected with a simultaneous increase in differentiation-associated genes, which was not observed in nephron progenitors. Our experiments in the genetic model of MAPK/ERK deficiency provide evidence that MAPK/ERK signaling in the ureteric bud maintains epithelial cells in an undifferentiated state. Interestingly, the transcriptional targets shared between the two tissues studied are over-represented by histone genes, suggesting that MAPK/ERK signaling regulates cell cycle progression and stem cell maintenance through chromosome condensation and nucleosome assembly. CONCLUSIONS: Using tissue-specific MAPK/ERK inactivation and RNA sequencing in combination with experimentation in embryonic kidneys, we demonstrate here that MAPK/ERK signaling maintains ureteric bud tip cells, suggesting a regulatory role in collecting duct progenitors. We additionally deliver new mechanistic information on how MAPK/ERK signaling regulates progenitor maintenance through its effects on chromatin accessibility and energy metabolism.
Chitooligosaccharides exhibit several biomedical activities, such as inflammation and tumorigenesis reduction in mammals. The mechanism of the chitooligosaccharides' formation in vivo has been, however, poorly understood. Here we report that mouse acidic chitinase (Chia), which is widely expressed in mouse tissues, can produce chitooligosaccharides from deacetylated chitin (chitosan) at pH levels corresponding to stomach and lung tissues. Chia degraded chitin to produce N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) dimers. The block-type chitosan (heterogenous deacetylation) is soluble at pH 2.0 (optimal condition for mouse Chia) and was degraded into chitooligosaccharides with various sizes ranging from di- to nonamers. The random-type chitosan (homogenous deacetylation) is soluble in water that enables us to examine its degradation at pH 2.0, 5.0, and 7.0. Incubation of these substrates with Chia resulted in the more efficient production of chitooligosaccharides with more variable sizes was from random-type chitosan than from the block-type form of the molecule. The data presented here indicate that Chia digests chitosan acquired by homogenous deacetylation of chitin in vitro and in vivo. The degradation products may then influence different physiological or pathological processes. Our results also suggest that bioactive chitooligosaccharides can be obtained conveniently using homogenously deacetylated chitosan and Chia for various biomedical applications.
- Klíčová slova
- FACE method, acidic chitinase, block-type chitosan, chitin, chitooligosaccharides, random-type chitosan,
- MeSH
- chitinasy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- chitosan chemie metabolismus MeSH
- difrakce rentgenového záření MeSH
- hydrolýza MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů * MeSH
- myši MeSH
- oligosacharidy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- orgánová specificita MeSH
- plíce metabolismus MeSH
- substrátová specifita MeSH
- žaludek metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chitinasy MeSH
- chitosan MeSH
- oligochitosan MeSH Prohlížeč
- oligosacharidy MeSH
Sex determination in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, is based on Feminizer (Fem), a W-linked Fem piRNA that triggers female development in WZ individuals, and the Z-linked Masculinizer (Masc), which initiates male development and dosage compensation in ZZ individuals. While Fem piRNA is missing in a close relative of B. mori, Masc determines sex in several representatives of distant lepidopteran lineages. We studied the molecular mechanisms of sex determination in the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella (Pyralidae). We identified an E. kuehniella Masc ortholog, EkMasc, and its paralog resulting from a recent duplication, EkMascB. Both genes are located on the Z chromosome and encode a similar Masc protein that contains two conserved domains but has lost the conserved double zinc finger domain. We developed PCR-based genetic sexing and demonstrated a peak in the expression of EkMasc and EkMascB genes only in early male embryos. Simultaneous knock-down experiments of both EkMasc and EkMascB using RNAi during early embryogenesis led to a shift from male- to female-specific splicing of the E. kuehniella doublesex gene (Ekdsx), their downstream effector, in ZZ embryos and resulted in a strong female-biased sex-ratio. Our results thus confirmed the conserved role of EkMasc and/or EkMascB in masculinization. We suggest that the C-terminal proline-rich domain, we have identified in all functionally confirmed Masc proteins, in conjunction with the masculinizing domain, is important for transcriptional regulation of sex determination in Lepidoptera. The function of the Masc double zinc finger domain is still unknown, but appears to have been lost in E. kuehniella.
- MeSH
- alternativní sestřih MeSH
- duplikace genu * MeSH
- hmyzí proteiny chemie genetika MeSH
- kompenzace dávky (genetika) MeSH
- můry embryologie genetika MeSH
- orgánová specificita MeSH
- pohlavní chromozomy genetika MeSH
- procesy určující pohlaví MeSH
- proteinové domény MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- vývojová regulace genové exprese MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- hmyzí proteiny MeSH
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) in the anogenital and head and neck regions are associated with high-risk types of human papillomaviruses (HR-HPV). Deregulation of miRNA expression is an important contributor to carcinogenesis. This study aimed to pinpoint commonly and uniquely deregulated miRNAs in cervical, anal, vulvar, and tonsillar tumors of viral or non-viral etiology, searching for a common set of deregulated miRNAs linked to HPV-induced carcinogenesis. RNA was extracted from tumors and nonmalignant tissues from the same locations. The miRNA expression level was determined by next-generation sequencing. Differential expression of miRNAs was calculated, and the patterns of miRNA deregulation were compared between tumors. The total of deregulated miRNAs varied between tumors of different locations by two orders of magnitude, ranging from 1 to 282. The deregulated miRNA pool was largely tumor-specific. In tumors of the same location, a low proportion of miRNAs were exclusively deregulated and no deregulated miRNA was shared by all four types of HPV-positive tumors. The most significant overlap of deregulated miRNAs was found between tumors which differed in location and HPV status (HPV-positive cervical tumors vs. HPV-negative vulvar tumors). Our results imply that HPV infection does not elicit a conserved miRNA deregulation in SCCs.
- Klíčová slova
- human papillomavirus, microRNA, squamous cell carcinoma,
- MeSH
- infekce papilomavirem genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikro RNA genetika MeSH
- nádory anu genetika virologie MeSH
- orgánová specificita MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u nádorů MeSH
- sekvenční analýza RNA MeSH
- spinocelulární karcinom genetika virologie MeSH
- tonzilární nádory genetika virologie MeSH
- urogenitální nádory genetika virologie MeSH
- vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- mikro RNA MeSH
With the expansion of molecular techniques, the historical collections have become widely used. The last boom started with using next- and second-generation sequencing in which massive parallel sequencing replaced targeted sequencing and third-generation technology involves single molecule technology. Studying plant DNA using these modern molecular techniques plays an important role in understanding evolutionary relationships, identification through DNA barcoding, conservation status, and many other aspects of plant biology. Enormous herbarium collections are an important source of material especially for taxonomic long-standing issues, specimens from areas difficult to access or from taxa that are now extinct. The ability to utilize these specimens greatly enhances the research. However, the process of extracting DNA from herbarium specimens is often fraught with difficulty related to such variables as plant chemistry, drying method of the specimen, and chemical treatment of the specimen. The result of these applications is often fragmented DNA. The reason new sequencing approaches have been so successful is that the template DNA needs to be fragmented for proper library building, and herbarium DNA is exactly that. Although many methods have been developed for extraction of DNA from herbarium specimens, the most frequently used are modified CTAB and DNeasy Plant Mini Kit protocols. Nine selected protocols in this chapter have been successfully used for high-quality DNA extraction from different kinds of plant herbarium tissues. These methods differ primarily with respect to their requirements for input material (from algae to vascular plants), type of the plant tissue (leaves with incrustations, sclerenchyma strands, mucilaginous tissues, needles, seeds), and further possible applications (PCR-based methods, microsatellites, AFLP or next-generation sequencing).
- Klíčová slova
- AFLP, DNA extraction, Difficult plant tissues, Herbarium specimens, Microsatellites, Next-generation sequencing, PCR,
- MeSH
- analýza polymorfismu délky amplifikovaných restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
- chemická frakcionace metody MeSH
- DNA rostlinná genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- listy rostlin genetika MeSH
- mikrosatelitní repetice MeSH
- orgánová specificita MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- reagenční diagnostické soupravy MeSH
- rostliny klasifikace genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- taxonomické DNA čárové kódování metody MeSH
- vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- DNA rostlinná MeSH
- reagenční diagnostické soupravy MeSH
Matriptase-2, a serine protease expressed in hepatocytes, is a negative regulator of hepcidin expression. The purpose of the study was to investigate the interaction of matriptase-2 with hemojuvelin protein in vivo. Mice lacking the matriptase-2 proteolytic activity (mask mice) display decreased content of hemojuvelin protein. Vice versa, the absence of hemojuvelin results in decreased liver content of matriptase-2, indicating that the two proteins interact. To further characterize the role of matriptase-2, we investigated iron metabolism in mask mice fed experimental diets. Administration of iron-enriched diet increased liver iron stores as well as hepcidin expression. Treatment of iron-overloaded mask mice with erythropoietin increased hemoglobin and hematocrit, indicating that the response to erythropoietin is intact in mask mice. Feeding of an iron-deficient diet to mask mice significantly increased spleen weight as well as the splenic content of erythroferrone and transferrin receptor proteins, indicating stress erythropoiesis. Liver hepcidin expression was decreased; expression of Id1 was not changed. Overall, the results suggest a complex interaction between matriptase-2 and hemojuvelin, and demonstrate that hepcidin can to some extent be regulated even in the absence of matriptase-2 proteolytic activity.
- Klíčová slova
- Hjv, Tfr2, Tfrc, Tmprss6, hepcidin, neogenin, transferrin receptor,
- MeSH
- deficit železa MeSH
- dietní železo farmakologie MeSH
- erythropoetin farmakologie MeSH
- GPI-vázané proteiny biosyntéza nedostatek genetika fyziologie MeSH
- hepcidiny biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- inhibitor diferenciace 1 biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- játra metabolismus MeSH
- kostní morfogenetický protein 6 biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- membránové proteiny nedostatek genetika fyziologie MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši knockoutované MeSH
- myši MeSH
- orgánová specificita MeSH
- přetížení železem metabolismus MeSH
- promotorové oblasti (genetika) genetika MeSH
- protein hemochromatózy biosyntéza nedostatek genetika fyziologie MeSH
- proteinové domény MeSH
- regulace genové exprese účinky léků MeSH
- rekombinantní proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- serinové endopeptidasy nedostatek genetika fyziologie MeSH
- slezina metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- Bmp6 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
- dietní železo MeSH
- erythropoetin MeSH
- GPI-vázané proteiny MeSH
- Hamp protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
- hepcidiny MeSH
- HJV protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
- Idb1 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
- inhibitor diferenciace 1 MeSH
- kostní morfogenetický protein 6 MeSH
- matriptase 2 MeSH Prohlížeč
- membránové proteiny MeSH
- protein hemochromatózy MeSH
- rekombinantní proteiny MeSH
- serinové endopeptidasy MeSH
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the terminal enzyme of mitochondrial electron transport chain, couples electron transport to oxygen with generation of proton gradient indispensable for the production of vast majority of ATP molecules in mammalian cells. The review summarizes current knowledge of COX structure and function of nuclear-encoded COX subunits, which may modulate enzyme activity according to various conditions. Moreover, some nuclear-encoded subunits posess tissue-specific and development-specific isoforms, possibly enabling fine-tuning of COX function in individual tissues. The importance of nuclear-encoded subunits is emphasized by recently discovered pathogenic mutations in patients with severe mitopathies. In addition, proteins substoichiometrically associated with COX were found to contribute to COX activity regulation and stabilization of the respiratory supercomplexes. Based on the summarized data, a model of three levels of quaternary COX structure is postulated. Individual structural levels correspond to subunits of the i) catalytic center, ii) nuclear-encoded stoichiometric subunits and iii) associated proteins, which may constitute several forms of COX with varying composition and differentially regulated function.
- MeSH
- buněčné jádro enzymologie genetika MeSH
- genom MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mitochondriální nemoci enzymologie patologie MeSH
- mitochondrie enzymologie genetika MeSH
- orgánová specificita MeSH
- podjednotky proteinů MeSH
- respirační komplex IV genetika metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- podjednotky proteinů MeSH
- respirační komplex IV MeSH
BACKGROUND: Slow neurotransmission including DARPP-32 signalling is implicated in substance use disorders (SUDs) by experimental systems but not yet in the human aetiology. PPP1R12B, encoding another protein in the DARPP-32 family, hasn't been studied in the brain. METHODS: Brain-regional gene activity was assessed in three different animal models of SUDs for mRNA level alterations. Genetic associations were assessed by meta-analysis of pre-existing dbGaP GWAS datasets for main effects and epistasis with known genetic risks, followed by cell type-specific pathway delineation. Parkinson's disease (PD) was included as a dopamine-related disease control for SUDs. FINDINGS: In animal models of SUDs, environmentally-altered PPP1R12B expression sex-dependently involves motivation-related brain regions. In humans with polysubstance abuse, meta-analysis of pre-existing datasets revealed that PPP1R12B and PPP1R1B, although expressed in dopamine vs. dopamine-recipient neurons, exerted similar interactions with known genetic risks such as ACTR1B and DRD2 in men but with ADH1B, HGFAC and DRD3 in women. These interactions reached genome-wide significances (Pmeta<10-20) for SUDs but not for PD (disease selectivity: P = 4.8 × 10-142, OR = 6.7 for PPP1R12B; P = 8.0 × 10-8, OR = 2.1 for PPP1R1B). CADM2 was the common risk in the molecular signalling regardless of gender and cell type. INTERPRETATION: Gender-dependant slow neurotransmission may convey both genetic and environmental vulnerabilities selectively to SUDs. FUNDING: Grants from National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) of U.S.A. and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).
- Klíčová slova
- Adolescence, Cell type-specific, Environmental risk, Missing heritability, Polysubstance abuse, Slow neurotransmission,
- MeSH
- celogenomová asociační studie MeSH
- dopaminem a cAMP regulovaný fosfoprotein 32 genetika metabolismus MeSH
- genetická epistáze * MeSH
- genetická heterogenita MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
- genové regulační sítě MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- mozek metabolismus patologie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- náchylnost k nemoci MeSH
- nervový přenos genetika MeSH
- orgánová specificita genetika MeSH
- poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek diagnóza etiologie metabolismus MeSH
- proteinfosfatasa 1 genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- dopaminem a cAMP regulovaný fosfoprotein 32 MeSH
- PPP1R12B protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
- PPP1R1B protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
- proteinfosfatasa 1 MeSH
