The crucial role that oestrogens play in male reproduction has been generally accepted; however, the exact mechanism of their action is not entirely clear and there is still much more to be clarified. The oestrogen response is mediated through oestrogen receptors, as well as classical oestrogen receptors' variants, and their specific co-expression plays a critical role. The importance of oestrogen signalling in male fertility is indicated by the adverse effects of selected oestrogen-like compounds, and their interaction with oestrogen receptors was proven to cause pathologies. The aims of this review are to summarise the current knowledge on oestrogen signalling during spermatogenesis and sperm maturation and discuss the available information on oestrogen receptors and their splice variants. An overview is given of species-specific differences including in humans, along with a detailed summary of the methodology outcome, including all the genetically manipulated models available to date. This review provides coherent information on the recently discovered mechanisms of oestrogens' and oestrogen receptors' effects and action in both testicular somatic and germ cells, as well as in mature sperm, available for mammals, including humans.

• Klíčová slova
• humans, mice, oestrogen receptors, oestrogen-like compounds, oestrogens, pigs, rats, signalling, sperm, testes,
• MeSH
• aromatasa nedostatek   genetika   MeSH
• estrogeny farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• receptory pro estrogeny metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• spermatogeneze účinky léků   MeSH
• testis účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aromatasa MeSH
• estrogeny MeSH
• receptory pro estrogeny MeSH

Hyperandrogenic states in pregnancy are almost always the result of a condition that arises during pregnancy. The onset of virilization symptoms is often very fast. The mother is protected against hyperandrogenism by a high level of SHBG, by placental aromatase and a high level of progesterone. The fetus is protected from the mother's hyperandrogenism partly by the placental aromatase, that transforms the androgens into estrogens, and partly by SHGB. Nevertheless there is a significant risk of virilization of the female fetus if the mother's hyperandrogenic state is serious. The most frequent cause of hyperandrogenic states during pregnancy are pregnancy luteoma and hyperreactio luteinalis. Hormonal production is evident in a third of all luteomas, which corresponds to virilization in 25-35 % of mothers with luteoma. The female fetus is afflicted with virilization with two thirds of virilized mothers. Hyperreactio luteinalis is created in connection with a high level of hCG, e.g. during multi-fetus pregnancies. This condition most frequently arises in the third trimester, virilization of the mother occurs in a third of cases. Virilization of the fetus has not yet been described. The most serious cause of hyperandrogenism is represented by ovarian tumors, which are fortunately rare.

• MeSH
• adenom kůry nadledvin diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• adrenokortikální karcinom diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• androgeny biosyntéza   fyziologie   MeSH
• aromatasa nedostatek   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hyperandrogenismus komplikace   diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• komplikace těhotenství diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• luteom diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• nadledviny diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory nadledvin metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory vaječníků diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• ovarium diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• placenta enzymologie   MeSH
• plod metabolismus   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ultrasonografie prenatální MeSH
• virilizace diagnostické zobrazování   etiologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• androgeny MeSH
• aromatasa MeSH