OBJECTIVES: The childhood adversities model is generally accepted as a predictor of adult psychopathology vulnerability. It stems from child development theories, but the question remains as of how well solid research supports it. The aim of this article is to give a review of the studies concerning childhood adversities and their impact on the development of anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder in adulthood. METHOD: A computerized search of the MEDLINE database of publications up to 31 March 2016 was done, using the keywords "childhood adversities, abuse, maltreatment, bullying" and "anxiety disorders, depressive disorder". No backward time constraints were used. Non-original studies, conference abstracts, books and book chapters, commentaries, and dissertations were excluded. RESULTS: The influence of childhood adversities on later age psychopathology is examined in five categories: the negative family atmosphere, abuse, loss of a close person, the social difficulties, and problems at school (including, most importantly bullying). The majority of studies confirmed the connection between childhood adversities and anxiety and depression disorders in adulthood. The character of the adversities is not, apparently, a specific predictor for a concrete psychopathology. Multiple adversities are more frequently connected with depressive and anxiety disorders in adulthood, cumulating together in broader adverse context. CONCLUSION: Childhood adversities were found to increase vulnerability to the distress, depression, fear and anxiety later in the life. However, specific correlations between a given childhood adversity and a specific form of depression or anxiety disorder were either not found or weak. This is in line with the generally accepted view considering each of these factors a non-specific stressor increasing vulnerability to mood and affect disorders later in life.
- MeSH
- deprese etiologie MeSH
- depresivní poruchy etiologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- úzkostné poruchy etiologie MeSH
- zdravotnické přehledy MeSH
- životní změny MeSH
- zneužívané dítě * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The etiology of sexual dysfunction in patients with epilepsy is perceived as multifactorial, with seizure and medication effects being the most often discussed and analyzed factors. We used common statistical methods to evaluate the impact of type of epilepsy, antiepileptic medication, hormones, seizure control, and symptoms of depression and anxiety on sexual function in a group of 78 women with epilepsy. To assess sexual function, we used the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). To assess symptoms of depression and anxiety, we used the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories (BDI, BAI). Of all the observed factors, only BDI score was significantly correlated with FSFI score. There was no correlation between FSFI, hormonal levels, seizure frequency, and symptoms of anxiety. No differences were found between patients with focal and those with generalized epilepsies; between seizure-free and non-seizure-free patients; or in relation to the number and type of antiepileptic medications.
- MeSH
- antikonvulziva terapeutické užití MeSH
- depresivní poruchy komplikace etiologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- epilepsie klasifikace komplikace farmakoterapie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- neparametrická statistika MeSH
- psychiatrické posuzovací škály MeSH
- sexuální dysfunkce fyziologická etiologie MeSH
- sexuální dysfunkce psychické etiologie MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- úzkost komplikace etiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antikonvulziva MeSH
Depression is a complex disorder related to chronic inflammatory processes, chronic stress changes and a hippocampal response. There is a increasing knowledge about the role of glial cells in nutrient supply to neurons, maintenance of synaptic contacts and tissue homeostasis within the CNS. Glial cells, viewed in the past as passive elements with a limited influence on neuronal function, are becoming recognized as active partners of neurons and are starting to be discussed as a possible therapeutic target. Their role in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders is also being reconsidered. Attention is devoted to studies of the different types of antidepressants and their effects on transmembrane signaling, including levels of alpha subunits of G proteins in C6 glioma cells in vitro as a model of postsynaptic changes in vivo. These models indicate similarities in antidepressant effects on G proteins of brain cells and effector cells of natural immunity, natural killers and granulocytes. Thus, an antidepressant response can exhibit certain common characteristics in functionally different systems which also participate in disease pathogenesis. There are, however, differences in the astrocyte G-protein responses to antidepressant treatment, indicating that antidepressants differ in their effect on glial signalization. Today mainstream approach to neurobiological basis of depressive disorders and other mood illnesses is linked to abnormalities in transmembrane signal transduction via G-protein coupled receptors. Intracellular signalization cascade modulation results in the activation of transcription factors with subsequent increased production of a wide array of products including growth factors and to changes in cellular activity and reactivity.
- MeSH
- adaptace psychologická účinky léků MeSH
- antidepresiva farmakologie MeSH
- depresivní poruchy farmakoterapie etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nervový přenos účinky léků MeSH
- neuroglie účinky léků MeSH
- psychický stres komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- signální transdukce účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antidepresiva MeSH
OBJECTIVE: According to recent findings neuroendocrine response related to dissociative symptoms is related to dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis but HPA axis functioning as related to dissociation is only partially understood. METHOD: With the aim to test the relationship between basal serum cortisol and dissociative symptoms measured as somatoform and psychic dissociation we performed clinical testing and biochemical analysis in 30 inpatients with diagnosis of unipolar depression (mean age 41.46, SD=13.68). RESULTS: The results show that cortisol as an index of HPA axis functioning manifests significant relationship to somatoform dissociative symptoms (r=-0.40; p=0.014). CONCLUSIONS: The result indicates relationship between HPA-axis reactivity and somatoform dissociative symptoms in unipolar depressive patients and suggests that somatoform dissociation presents a defense mechanism related to a passive coping response.
- MeSH
- depresivní poruchy krev etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- disociační poruchy krev diagnóza etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fyziologický stres komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- hydrokortison krev MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- somatoformní poruchy krev diagnóza etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- systém hypofýza - nadledviny patofyziologie MeSH
- systém hypotalamus-hypofýza patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- hydrokortison MeSH
The discovery of antidepressants meant undoubtedly a revolution in psychiatry. The development of antidepressants has changed the image of psychiatry, brought a progress in the treatment and became a stimulus for investigations of mental illnesses ethiopathogenesis. Nowadays it is becoming evident, that many biologic, psychologic and with high probability also social aspects are common for the depression and for somatic disorders. The more prominent is the association of depression with cardiovascular disease. Neurological disease, mainly the epilepsy, Parkinson disease an stroke represent further common sphere. Historically, association between cancer and depression was identified first. The article presents epidemiological data and analyses possible common mechanisms of somatic disease and depression. In the last part the actual data about the treatment of depression in individual somatic diseases are described.
OBJECTIVES: According to recent findings trauma and stress are important etiological factors in pathogenesis of depression. As characteristic features of depressive cognition have been reported intrusive thoughts and memory disturbances similar to posttraumatic symptoms known in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder or dissociative disorders. Hypothetically is also suggested a close relationship of traumatic dissociation and epileptic-like phenomena. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: In the clinical study were assessed 70 adult people with a diagnosis of depression and 50 healthy controls. In the assessment were used 6 measures for symptoms of dissociation, depression, traumatic stress and psychosenzoric symptoms of epileptic origin (the so-called complex partial seizure-like symptoms). RESULTS: Reported data show that a great number of depressive patients who met the cut-off score for dissociative disorders (34.2%, N=24) had significantly higher traumatization, depression, subjectively experienced stress and complex partial seizure-like symptoms than the whole group of patients and the controls. Most significant traumatization has been found in patients who met the cut-off score of psychosenzoric epileptic-like symptoms which is characteristic for the epilepsy spectrum disorder (5.7%, N=4). MAIN FINDINGS: Significant correlations of these assessed symptoms suggest close relationship between traumatic stress and dissociation in depression. This close relationship of dissociative symptomatology and traumatic stress also implicates an important role of dissociative processes in depression as a typical manifestation of depressive cognition. Assessed relationship between traumatic distress and complex partial seizure-like symptoms suggests a possible role of epileptic-like phenomena in dissociative states related to depression. CONCLUSIONS: Assessed relationship between traumatization, depression and epileptic-like phenomena in the patients who met cut-off score for epilepsy spectrum disorder can contribute to the problem of indication of several depressive patients to anticonvulsant therapy because of reported evidence that a clear majority of patients with epilepsy spectrum disorder respond well to anticonvulsant treatment. Careful assessment of this test battery thus may be useful also for anticonvulsant treatment strategy.
- MeSH
- antikonvulziva terapeutické užití MeSH
- depresivní poruchy diagnóza farmakoterapie etiologie MeSH
- disociační poruchy komplikace MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- epilepsie komplexní parciální diagnóza farmakoterapie etiologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- posttraumatická stresová porucha komplikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antikonvulziva MeSH
BACKGROUND: Two possible factors that may have a causal relation with both depressive disorder and cardiovascular disease are elevated homocysteine and steroid hormones. Our previous study found significant changes in the plasma homocysteine concentration during the menstrual cycle in healthy women. The purpose of this study therefore was to test homocysteine in depressive women treated with fluoxetine during the menstrual cycle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen premenopausal women suffering from mixed anxiety-depressive disorder and a control group of 15 healthy women were enrolled in this study. The homocysteine concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, and estradiol, progesterone and cortisol by RIA methods. RESULTS: We found significantly higher plasma homocysteine concentrations in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in both the depressive group (P < 0.003) and the controls (P < 0.0009). Moreover, the patient values of total homocysteine were significantly higher in the follicular phase (P < 0.03) and also in the luteal phase (P < 0.007) than the values of the controls. Estradiol and cortisol were significantly higher in the follicular phase of the patients compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: According to our results, women suffering from mixed anxiety-depressive disorder have not only significantly different concentrations of homocysteine in the follicular and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle but also higher plasma homocysteine compared with healthy women. More elevated homocysteine in the depressive than in the healthy premenopausal women points to the notion that psychological factors might be important when considering the homocysteine concentration.
- MeSH
- depresivní poruchy krev etiologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- estradiol krev MeSH
- homocystin krev MeSH
- hydrokortison krev MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- menstruační cyklus krev MeSH
- progesteron krev MeSH
- úzkostné poruchy krev etiologie MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- estradiol MeSH
- homocystin MeSH
- hydrokortison MeSH
- progesteron MeSH
Review deals with depression, which frequently occurs in patients with cardiovascular disease. Along with that, cardiovascular complications are frequent cause of the high morbidity and mortality of depressed patients. Several common ethiopathogenic factors can be identified (endocrine changes, immunity alteration, structure of personality, life style). Diagnose of depression in somatically diseased patients may be difficult to set; however, it is necessary to consider it. Some conjoint treatment approaches are possible. For the use in the internal medicine new antidepression drugs with lower affects on the cardiovascular system appear promising. Mutual collaboration in the clinical praxis is highly desirable.
- MeSH
- antidepresiva terapeutické užití MeSH
- depresivní poruchy diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- vnitřní lékařství MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antidepresiva MeSH
In Parkinson's disease, mental disturbances frequently accompany the typical motor disorder. Subcortical dementia develops in 10 to 20% of patients. Contrary to the dementia of Alzheimer's type, the apraxia-aphasia-amnesia syndrome is uncommon. Depression and specific impairment of speech, visuospatial functions, and memory are present in an important proportion of patients. As a principal feature of cognitive disorder, deficit of executive functions can be characterised by decreased mental flexibility and inability to cope with changing external conditions. Further, psychiatric complications of pharmacological treatment of Parkinson's disease are briefly described. Finally, presumed pathophysiological mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction are characterized involving dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic changes and complex interactions on the subcortico-cortical level.
- MeSH
- demence komplikace diagnóza psychologie MeSH
- depresivní poruchy komplikace diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- kognitivní poruchy komplikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neurokognitivní poruchy komplikace diagnóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
