The previous works of Purkyně, Valentin, and Remak showed that the central and peripheral nervous systems contained not only nerve fibers but also cellular elements. The use of microscopes and new fixation techniques enabled them to accurately obtain data on the structure of nerve tissue and consequently in many European universities microscopes started to become widely used in histological and morphological studies. The present review summarizes important discoveries concerning the structure of neural tissue, mostly from vertebrates, during the period from 1838 to 1865. This review describes the discoveries of famous as well as less well-known scholars of the time, who contributed significantly to current understandings about the structure of neural tissue. The period is characterized by the first descriptions of different types of nerve cells and the first attempts of a cytoarchitectonic description of the spinal cord and brain. During the same time, the concept of a neuroglial tissue was introduced, first as a tissue for "gluing" nerve fibers, cells, and blood capillaries into one unit, but later some glial cells were described for the first time. Questions arose as to whether or not cells in ganglia and the central nervous system had the same morphological and functional properties, and whether nerve fibers and cell bodies were interconnected. Microscopic techniques started to be used for the examination of physiological as well as pathological nerve tissues. The overall state of knowledge was just a step away from the emergence of the concept of neurons and glial cells.
- Klíčová slova
- Brain, fibers, ganglia, glia, history, nerves, nineteenth century, structure,
- MeSH
- centrální nervový systém anatomie a histologie cytologie MeSH
- dějiny 19. století MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- ganglia anatomie a histologie MeSH
- histologické techniky dějiny metody MeSH
- lékařské ilustrace dějiny MeSH
- mikroskopie dějiny MeSH
- mozek anatomie a histologie MeSH
- nervová tkáň anatomie a histologie cytologie MeSH
- neuroanatomie dějiny MeSH
- neuroglie cytologie MeSH
- neurony cytologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 19. století MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- biografie MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- O autorovi
- Purkyně, Jan
- Mauthner, Ludwig
During the 1830s, the use of improved microscopic techniques together with new histological methods, including tissue fixation, allowed more precise data to be obtained concerning the structure of nerve tissue of animals as well as humans. The present article, based on the translations of original texts never before published, brings together for the first time the discoveries of famous scholars Gustav Valentin, Robert Remak, and Jan Evangelista Purkyně, who made their significant discoveries in the field of neuroscience almost simultaneously and shows how their findings affected each other. In addition, this article also contains digitally remastered and reconstructed figures published in the original works of Valentin, Remak, and Purkyně and they are displayed for the first time in high quality. Although the fundamental discoveries of these famous scholars did not imply the discovery of nerve cells as we know them today, they were certainly a very important basis for further research of many other eminent scholars during the second half of the nineteenth century.
- Klíčová slova
- brain, ependymal, glia, history, nerves, neuroscience, structure,
- MeSH
- centrální nervový systém anatomie a histologie MeSH
- dějiny 19. století MeSH
- histologické techniky dějiny MeSH
- lékařské ilustrace dějiny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikroskopie dějiny přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- mozek anatomie a histologie MeSH
- nervová tkáň cytologie MeSH
- neuroanatomie dějiny MeSH
- neurony cytologie MeSH
- překlady MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 19. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- biografie MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Švýcarsko MeSH
- MeSH
- dějiny 18. století MeSH
- histologické techniky dějiny MeSH
- histologie dějiny MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 18. století MeSH
- Publikační typ
- biografie MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Německo MeSH
- O autorovi
- Purkynĕ, J E
- MeSH
- dějiny 19. století MeSH
- fyziologie dějiny MeSH
- histologické techniky dějiny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- patologie dějiny MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 19. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- biografie MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- portréty MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Československo MeSH
- Polsko MeSH
- O autorovi
- Purkinje, J E
- MeSH
- dějiny 19. století MeSH
- histologické techniky dějiny MeSH
- lékařské ilustrace dějiny MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 19. století MeSH
- Publikační typ
- biografie MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Německo MeSH
- O autorovi
- Haeckel, E