The monozoic tapeworm Atractolytocestus huronensis Anthony, 1958 (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), an intestinal parasite of the common carp, is characterized by its invasive character and potential to colonize new territories. It was initially described from North America and has also been found in several European countries. The most recent findings of A. huronensis originated from China and South Africa; however, no data on genetic relationships of these populations were available. The current study provides the first molecular characterisation of A. huronensis from South Africa and China using a partial sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and a complete ribosomal ITS2 spacer. Ribosomal and mitochondrial data were applied for phylogenetic analyses in order to assess the genetic interrelationships among global A. huronensis populations. Divergent intragenomic copies of ribosomal ITS2 were detected in all analysed specimens; the structure and frequency of the ITS2 variants of tapeworms from China and South Africa corresponded with the data on ITS2 paralogues observed previously in A. huronensis from Slovakia, the United States and the United Kingdom. The phylogenetic analysis of cox1 indicated that A. huronensis exist in two slightly differentiated clusters; one cluster was supported by all phylogenetic approaches (NJ, ML, BI) and was represented by samples from China, the USA and the UK. A second cluster was represented by tapeworms from continental Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Croatia) and South Africa. Haplotype network analysis revealed that the highest population diversity occurs in China. The results provide useful pilot information about the interrelationships of A. huronensis on four continents and indicate that China, or the eastern Palaearctic, served as the original source population for the global expansion of this invasive tapeworm. Data on the origin and distribution of the common carp, the only specific host of A. huronensis, are also discussed.
- Klíčová slova
- Cyprinus carpio, Cytochrome c oxidase, Divergent intragenomic copies, ITS paralogues, Internal transcribed spacer, Monozoic tapeworm,
- MeSH
- Cestoda klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- cestodózy epidemiologie parazitologie přenos veterinární MeSH
- DNA helmintů genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- kapři anatomie a histologie parazitologie MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika MeSH
- nemoci ryb epidemiologie parazitologie přenos MeSH
- respirační komplex IV genetika MeSH
- střeva parazitologie MeSH
- zavlečené druhy * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Chorvatsko epidemiologie MeSH
- Čína epidemiologie MeSH
- Evropa epidemiologie MeSH
- Rumunsko epidemiologie MeSH
- Spojené království epidemiologie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- DNA helmintů MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA MeSH
- respirační komplex IV MeSH
The crucian carp Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758), is native to many European freshwaters. Despite its wide distribution, the crucian carp is declining in both the number and sizes of populations across much of its range. Here we studied 30 individuals of a putative pure population from Helsinki, Finland. Despite clear external morphological features of C. carassius, an individual was of a higher ploidy level than the others. We therefore applied a set of molecular genetic (S7 nuclear and cytochrome b mitochondrial genes) and cytogenetic tools (sequential fluorescent 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole [DAPI], Chromomycin A3 [CMA3], C-banding and in situ hybridization [FISH] with both 5S and 28S ribosomal DNA probes) to determine its origin. While all examined characteristics of a diploid representative male (CCAHe2Fi) clearly corresponded to those of C. carassius, a triploid individual (CCAHe1Fi) was more complex. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the nuclear genome of CCAHe1Fi contained three haploid sets: two C. gibelio and one C. carassius. However the mitochondrial DNA was that of C. gibelio, demonstrating its hybrid origin. The FISH revealed three strong (more intensive) 5S rDNA loci, confirming the triploid status, and an additional 24 weak (less intensive) signals were observed in the chromosome complement of CCAHe1Fi. On the other hand, only two strong and 16 weak 5S rDNA signals were visible on the chromosomes of the CCAHe2Fi male. 28S rDNA FISH revealed four strong signals in both CCAHe1Fi and CCAHe2Fi individuals. CMA3 staining revealed four to six CMA3-positive bands of CCAHe1Fi, while that of diploids contained only two to four. The fact that a polyploid hybrid Carassius female with a strong invasive potential may share morphological characters typical for endangered C. carassius highlights a need to combine genetic investigations of Carassius cryptic diversity with conservation measures of C. carassius in Europe.
- MeSH
- diploidie MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genetická variace MeSH
- genetické markery MeSH
- hybridizace genetická MeSH
- hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
- kapři anatomie a histologie klasifikace genetika MeSH
- karyotyp MeSH
- ohrožené druhy MeSH
- pruhování chromozomů MeSH
- triploidie * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- Finsko MeSH
- Názvy látek
- genetické markery MeSH
The poikilothermic heart has been suggested as a model for studying some of the mechanisms of early postnatal mammalian heart adaptations. We assessed morphological parameters of the carp heart (Cyprinus carpio L.) with diastolic dimensions: heart radius (5.73mm), thickness of the compact (0.50mm) and spongy myocardium (4.34mm), in two conditions (systole, diastole): volume fraction of the compact myocardium (20.7% systole, 19.6% diastole), spongy myocardium (58.9% systole, 62.8% diastole), trabeculae (37.8% systole, 28.6% diastole), and cavities (41.5% systole, 51.9% diastole) within the ventricle; volume fraction of the trabeculae (64.1% systole, 45.5% diastole) and sinuses (35.9% systole, 54.5% diastole) within the spongy myocardium; ratio between the volume of compact and spongy myocardium (0.35 systole, 0.31 diastole); ratio between compact myocardium and trabeculae (0.55 systole, 0.69 diastole); and surface density of the trabeculae (0.095μm(-1) systole, 0.147μm(-1) diastole). We created a mathematical model of the carp heart based on actual morphometric data to simulate how the compact/spongy myocardium ratio, the permeability of the spongy myocardium, and sinus-trabeculae volume fractions within the spongy myocardium influence stroke volume, stroke work, ejection fraction and p-V diagram. Increasing permeability led to increasing and then decreasing stroke volume and work, and increasing ejection fraction. An increased amount of spongy myocardium led to an increased stroke volume, work, and ejection fraction. Varying sinus-trabeculae volume fractions within the spongy myocardium showed that an increased sinus volume fraction led to an increased stroke volume and work, and a decreased ejection fraction.
- Klíčová slova
- Carp myocardium, Mathematical model, Microscopic quantification, P–V diagram, Stroke characteristics,
- MeSH
- diastola fyziologie MeSH
- kapři anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- modely kardiovaskulární * MeSH
- srdce - funkce komor fyziologie MeSH
- srdce anatomie a histologie MeSH
- srdeční komory anatomie a histologie MeSH
- systola fyziologie MeSH
- tepový objem fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The aim of the study was to investigate effects of the triazine's herbicide terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy on early life stage of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) through antioxidant indices, mortality, growth, development, and histopathology. Based on accumulated mortality in the experimental groups, lethal concentrations of terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy were estimated at 35-day LC50 = 10.9 mg/L terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy. By day 15, fish were exposed to 3.5 mg/L and by day 26, fish were exposed to 0.0029 mg/L; real environmental concentration in Czech rivers, 0.07 mg/L, 1.4 mg/L, and 3.5 mg/L terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy, showed significantly lower mass and total length compared with controls. Based on inhibition of growth in the experimental groups, lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) = 0.002 mg/L terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy and no observed effect concentration (NOEC) = 0.0001 mg/L terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy. No significant negative effects on hatching or embryo viability were demonstrated at the concentrations tested, but significant differences in early ontogeny among groups were noted. Fish from the two highest tested concentrations showed a dose-related delay in development compared with the controls. Total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significant lower in all groups testedly for terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy compared with the control group. At concentrations of 1.4 and 3.5 mg/L damage to caudal kidney tubules when compared to control fish was found.
- MeSH
- analýza přežití MeSH
- antioxidancia metabolismus MeSH
- embryo nesavčí účinky léků MeSH
- kapři anatomie a histologie embryologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- larva účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- orgánová specificita účinky léků MeSH
- stadia vývoje účinky léků MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost účinky léků MeSH
- tělesná výška účinky léků MeSH
- testy toxicity MeSH
- triaziny toxicita MeSH
- životní prostředí * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antioxidancia MeSH
- terbutylazine MeSH Prohlížeč
- triaziny MeSH
A reduction of epidermal club cells and an increase of goblet cells were found in Carassius gibelio during spawning when compared to postspawning. A significantly lower proportion of club cells at spawning was found in diploid males and triploid females than in diploid females. It could be linked to male efforts to avoid a fright reaction and the potential adoption of this strategy by gynogenetic females, or alternatively to a higher parasite infection or immunosuppression during spawning.
- MeSH
- epidermální buňky * MeSH
- kapři anatomie a histologie genetika fyziologie MeSH
- ploidie * MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
- rozmnožování fyziologie MeSH
- sexuální chování zvířat MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The study aimed at assessing the effects of a pyrethroid cypermethrin on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) on the basis of the results of acute toxicity tests and haematological, biochemical and histological examinations. METHODS: Experimental carp were exposed to the pesticide preparation Alimetrin 10 EM in the concentration of 29.1 microg/l(-1) (96hLC(50)) corresponding to 29.1 microg/l(-1) of cypermethrin in a 96 h acute toxicity test. The results of the test and of the examinations of exposed carp were compared with the results of carp from the control group. RESULTS: In haematological profile, the experimental group of carp showed a significant (P<0.01) increase in the number of erythrocytes, segmented neutrophile granulocytes, developmental forms of myeloid sequence and eosinophiles, and a significant (P<0.01) decrease in mean erythrocyte volume, mean erythrocyte haemoglobin and lymphocyte count. As far as biochemical indices are concerned, the exposure caused a significant (P<0.01) increase in glucose and lactate concentration and creatine kinase activity, and a significant (P<0.01) decrease in total proteins, albumins, total globulins, ammonia, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase in blood plasma of exposed carp compared to the control group. Histopathological tissue examinations proved random hyperaemia and perivascular lymphocyte infiltration in skin, respiratory epithelium hyperplasia and chloride cell activation in gills, and pancreas exocrine cell vacuolisation in common carp after the exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The exposure of common carp to 29.1 microg/l(-1) of Alimetrin 10 EM caused significant shifts in haematological and biochemical profile and histopathological changes in organ tissues. The cypermethrin-based pesticide Alimetrin 10 EM was classified among substances strongly toxic for fish.
- MeSH
- alkalická fosfatasa krev MeSH
- butyrylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- hyperplazie chemicky indukované MeSH
- insekticidy toxicita MeSH
- kapři * anatomie a histologie metabolismus MeSH
- kreatinkinasa krev MeSH
- krevní buňky účinky léků MeSH
- krevní obraz MeSH
- kyselina mléčná krev MeSH
- pankreas patologie MeSH
- pyrethriny toxicita MeSH
- respirační sliznice patologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- alkalická fosfatasa MeSH
- butyrylcholinesterasa MeSH
- cypermethrin MeSH Prohlížeč
- insekticidy MeSH
- kreatinkinasa MeSH
- kyselina mléčná MeSH
- pyrethriny MeSH
The anatomy of carp and trout was compared by means of anatomical dissection and frozen cross-sections. This enabled exact topographical localization and hence also the determination of differences in the position of individual intestinal segments. The elaboration of a suitable nomenclature was considered to be an important working measure for the facilitation of interspecific comparison.
It was demonstrated that the growth rate of Gyrodactylus katharineri micropopulations parasitizing the fry of Cyprinus carpio L. was effected by water temperature and by the form of the fish host (scaly or scaleless). At lower water temperature (12 degrees C) the number of parasites increased in both host forms approximately at the same intensity. In warmer water (18 degrees C), the parasites reproduced intensively only on the scaly form of fish, whereas no parasites were found on the scaleless form some days after infection.
- MeSH
- Cyprinidae parazitologie MeSH
- kapři anatomie a histologie parazitologie MeSH
- sladká voda MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- Trematoda růst a vývoj MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- MeSH
- čichové dráhy anatomie a histologie MeSH
- Cyprinidae anatomie a histologie MeSH
- kapři anatomie a histologie MeSH
- nosní dutina anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
When the gills of carp are studied, this organ should be evaluated from there planes of projection: sagittal, transversal and horizontal. Lamellae, the functional base of the gills, provide the exchange of oxygen between blood and water. Lamellae consist of a network of sinuses with a skeleton formed by columnar cells and with walls constituted by the cytoplasmic processes of these cells. On the outer side the sinuses are covered with one or two layers of flat epithelial cells. The gill filaments and gill arches, the structure and mobility of which enable the perfect function of lamellae are covered with stratified epithelium. Cylindrical cells (germ cells) of this epithelium are borne by a basal membrane; during maturation they flatten and differentiate towards the surface. Besides the already flat epithelial cells, the surface of epithelium also carries mucous cells and gustatory buds. Separate large irregular cells with excentric nucleus and small eosinophilically staining granules are also found in the epithelial layers of healthy fish.
- MeSH
- Cyprinidae anatomie a histologie MeSH
- kapři anatomie a histologie MeSH
- žábry anatomie a histologie cytologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
