The antiquity of the wolf/dog domestication has been recently pushed back in time from the Late Upper Paleolithic (~14,000 years ago) to the Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP; ~36,000 years ago). Some authors questioned this early dog domestication claiming that the putative (EUP) Paleolithic dogs fall within the morphological range of recent wolves. In this study, we reanalyzed a data set of large canid skulls using unbalanced- and balanced-randomized discriminant analyses to assess whether the putative Paleolithic dogs are morphologically unique or whether they represent a subsample of the wolf morpho-population. We evaluated morphological differences between 96 specimens of the 4 a priori reference groups (8 putative Paleolithic dogs, 41 recent northern dogs, 7 Pleistocene wolves, and 40 recent northern wolves) using discriminant analysis based on 5 ln-transformed raw and allometrically size-adjusted cranial measurements. Putative Paleolithic dogs are classified with high accuracies (87.5 and 100.0%, cross-validated) and randomization experiment suggests that these classification rates cannot be exclusively explained by the small and uneven sample sizes of reference groups. It indicates that putative Upper Paleolithic dogs may represent a discrete canid group with morphological signs of domestication (a relatively shorter skull and wider palate and braincase) that distinguish them from sympatric Pleistocene wolves. The present results add evidence to the view that these specimens could represent incipient Paleolithic dogs that were involved in daily activities of European Upper Paleolithic forager groups.
- Klíčová slova
- Europe, Pleistocene, discriminant analysis, dog, domestication, morphology, randomization, wolf, zoology,
- MeSH
- domestikace * MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- lebka anatomie a histologie MeSH
- psi anatomie a histologie MeSH
- vlci anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zkameněliny MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- psi anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
BACKGROUND: There is a lack of information regarding the CT appearance of sternal lymph nodes in dogs. This retrospective anatomic study was aimed to describe the general appearance of sternal lymph nodes in healthy dogs. RESULTS: Twenty-seven dogs with no abnormality in blood work, urinalysis and CT images were included in the study. Dogs were divided into three weight groups; ≤10 kg, 10.1 to 30 kg and ≥ 30.1 kg. Multi-planar reconstructions of CT images were made to identify sternal lymph nodes. The number, location, size, density and heterogeneity of sternal lymph nodes were recorded. Density and heterogeneity of lymph nodes were measured on pre- and postcontrast images. Except for one dog, sternal lymph nodes were identified in all the dogs. The mean number of sternal lymph nodes per dog was 2.1 (SD 0.6), and the most frequent localisation was at the level of the second sternebra (23 dogs; 85%). There was a positive correlation between the weight and all the dimensions of sternal lymph nodes. A significant negative correlation was found between the age and dorsoventral dimension of the lymph node. Short-to-long axis ratios were not significantly different between the weight groups. None of the measured dimensions nor the ratio values was significantly different between the medium-sized dogs (10.1 to 30 kg) and the large dogs (≥ 30.1 kg). There was a significant difference between precontrast and postcontrast density and heterogeneity values of sternal lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results, we recommend using the short-to-long axis ratios for sternal lymph node size evaluation among dogs of different size. Sternal lymph nodes in this study appeared on precontrast examination as heterogeneous, and homogenous on the postcontrast examination.
- Klíčová slova
- anatomy, dog, lymph node size, sternal lymph centre, thorax,
- MeSH
- kontrastní látky MeSH
- lymfatické uzliny diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie veterinární MeSH
- psi anatomie a histologie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- sternum MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- psi anatomie a histologie MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kontrastní látky MeSH
This study describes the facial pillar system in dolichocephalic and brachycephalic breeds of dogs, and highlights its differences. Knowledge of facial pillar system anatomy is imperative to carry out successful fracture repair. The aim of our study was to describe the pillar system of the facial skeleton in dogs, and compare different shapes of dog skulls using native skulls, radiographs and computed tomography (CT). The heads of brachycephalic and dolichocephalic dogs were investigated following a maceration process using trans-illumination, radiography and CT. Ground sections were created from bones of the facial skeleton for investigation of osteon directions. This study has revealed that the facial skeleton of the dog has numerous sinuses supported by vertically and horizontally oriented bone pillars. These pillars can be divided into five principal regions in dolichocephalic skulls and six principal regions in brachycephalic skulls. Radiographic imaging of both the brachiocephalic and dolichocephalic skulls was not capable of discerning bone pillars. Computed tomography transverse and horizontal section images discerned all pillars observed in the illuminated skulls.
- Klíčová slova
- Buttress, Maxillofacial, Small animal, Trauma,
- MeSH
- lebka anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
- psi anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- psi anatomie a histologie MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Tunica adventitia or tunica externa is the outer layer of the blood vessel wall. It consists of connective tissue with vasa and nervi vasorum and plays a key role in vascular health. The aim of our study was to compare the wall layers beyond tunica media in arteries of different type and location. The following arteries of pig, dog and cat were processed histologically and analysed by light microscopy: aorta ascendens, arcus aortae, aorta thoracica, aorta abdominalis, arteria (a.) femoralis, a. tibialis cranialis, a. carotis communis, a. lingualis, a. basilaris, a. cerebralis media, a. testicularis and aa. jejunales. We found two layers of connective tissue outside the media: (1) a compact layer with many elastic fibres in muscular and few in elastic arteries and (2) an outer layer of loose connective tissue. The compact layer was missing in aorta ascendens, arcus aortae and intracranial vessels. Adventitial stripping removed only the loose connective tissue layer. In spite of the still present compact layer, stripped arteries were very flimsy. We suggest using the term 'tunica externa' for the compact connective tissue layer and 'tunica adventitia' for the outermost loose connective tissue layer as in other organs. The presence of the tunica externa differs between species, arteries and arterial side, as well as the removability of tunica adventitia and tunica externa by anatomical dissection.
- MeSH
- adventicie anatomie a histologie MeSH
- aorta abdominalis anatomie a histologie MeSH
- aorta thoracica anatomie a histologie MeSH
- elastická tkáň anatomie a histologie MeSH
- kočky anatomie a histologie MeSH
- prasata anatomie a histologie MeSH
- psi anatomie a histologie MeSH
- svaly hladké cévní anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- kočky anatomie a histologie MeSH
- psi anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Morphometric assessment of the canine hip joint using acetabular angle of retrotorsion was used in this study. The aim of our study was to compare the acetabular angle of retrotorsion (AAR) with values of the Norberg angle (NA) and the hip score (HS) in the Leonberger dog breed and to determine the cut-off point of AAR that distinguish between normal and dysplastic hip status on the basis of Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) hip evaluation. Retrospective analysis of NA and AAR was measured from standard ventrodorsal pelvic radiographs with extended femurs in 387 Leonberger dogs (141 males and 246 females) from 18 to 63 months of age, which were then divided into five age-groups. Through analysis of these radiographs, it was determined that the cut-off point for NA was 105°, AAR was 15°, and the acetabular angle of retrotorsion was positively correlated with Norberg angle and negatively correlated with hip score. The results of our study indicate that the acetabular angle of retrotorsion may represent a reliable morphometric assessment tool in evaluating acetabular cup conformation, and values of AAR may help to assess the FCI grade of canine hip dysplasia.
- MeSH
- acetabulum diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- dysplazie kyčelního kloubu u psů diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- femur diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- kyčelní kloub anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
- psi anatomie a histologie MeSH
- radiografie metody veterinární MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- psi anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Reduced gingival thickness is one of many factors that might predispose humans to periodontal disease and subsequent gingival recession. Gingival thickness differs between individuals, and is associated with age, gender, and location on the dental arch. Different gingival phenotypes exist in the human population according to the thickness of gingiva. Similar information on gingival phenotypes in dogs is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the thickness of the gingiva in dogs and its relation to age, gender and location on the dental arch. For this study, 48 dogs of comparable size (40-cm at withers) were divided into three groups according to their age as follows: < 2-years of age; 2 to 8-years of age; > 8-years of age. Gingival thickness was measured in both the mandible and maxilla using a transgingival probing technique. The graded probe was inserted midway into the attached gingiva at the level of each tooth class region. Young and middle aged dogs had significantly thicker gingiva (1.67 +/- 0.17 mm and 1.68 +/- 0.18 mm, respectively) compared with older dogs (1.54 +/- 0.16 mm). There was no significant difference in gingival thickness based on location or gender Generally, the gingiva was thicker at the level of large teeth such as canine and carnassial teeth. Regions of thinner gingiva at the level of incisor and premolar teeth correlated with the regions of highest prevalence of periodontal disease found in previous studies.
- MeSH
- gingiva anatomie a histologie MeSH
- psi anatomie a histologie MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- ústní sliznice anatomie a histologie MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- zubní oblouk anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- psi anatomie a histologie MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The anesthesia (blockade) of canine n. femoralis may be performed either from lumbar or inguinal region. The insensibility of skin in the medial part of the thigh, tibia and tarsus as well as the akinesia of m. quadriceps femoris are attained by the anesthesia. The blockade of n. femoralis from the lumbar region often attains n. obturatorius as well. If the blockade of n. femoralis and n. ischiadicus was performed at the same time, almost all muscles of the hind limb (except m. pectineus, m. gracilis, m. obturatoris internus and m. adductor) would be inactivated, which may considerably facilitate minor surgical and postoperative interventions on the canine hind leg. Access to femoral nerve from lumbar can be recommended because of better results and easier performance and after the application of anesthetic the effect is faster and more efficient. The signs of the obturator nerve blockade were obtain in some dogs especially in dogs with long legs.
A careful anatomical study of the lymphatic drainage from the parietal pericardium reveals a complicated network that is notably different from that defined by the instillation of markers into the pericardial sac. The pericardial cupola and the posterior (dorsal) area of the parietal pericardium drain directly to the cardiac lymph node in the right upper mediastinum by relatively short lymphatics. The lymphatics of the anterior and lateral areas of the parietal pericardium pass to collecting vessels that travel cranially or caudally along the phrenic nerves. The former traverse specific lymph nodes and then enter the right or left venous angles. The latter pass caudally and then drain to the major collecting systems from the area of the diaphragm.
Seven dogs were subjected 30 min to ligation of the thoracic aorta and were then kept alive 6-7 days after the ligature had been removed. Their spinal cord and brain stem were treated by the Nauta-Gygax method and the extent and appearance of preterminal and terminal degeneration of certain ascending spinal systems were analysed. In the medulla oblongata region, marked degenerating fibres from the lower thoracic and lumbosacral cord segments were found in the nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini. Preterminal and terminal degenerating fibres were visualized in the caudal part of the trigeminal nuclear complex. Comparison with the literature showed these to be previously unknown projections with a relationship to the nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini.
- MeSH
- nosní přepážka anatomie a histologie MeSH
- psi anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- psi anatomie a histologie MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
