The major concern of pharmacology about cytokines has originated from plentiful data showing association between gross changes in their production and pathophysiological processes. Despite the enigmatic role of cytokines in diseases, a number of them have become a subject of cytokine and anti-cytokine immunotherapies. Production of cytokines can be influenced by many endogenous and exogenous stimuli including drugs. Cells of the immune system, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, are richly endowed with receptors for the mediators of physiological functions, such as biogenic amines, adenosine, prostanoids, steroids, etc. Drugs, agonists or antagonists of these receptors can directly or indirectly up- and down-regulate secretion of cytokines and expression of cytokine receptors. Vice versa, cytokines interfere with drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics through the interactions with cytochrome P450 and multiple drug resistance proteins. The aim of the review is to encourage more intensive studies in these fields of cytokine pharmacology. It also outlines major areas of searching promising candidates for immunotherapeutic interventions.

• MeSH
• cytokiny antagonisté a inhibitory   biosyntéza   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• farmakokinetika MeSH
• farmakologie MeSH
• imunoterapie MeSH
• léková rezistence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfocyty účinky léků   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• makrofágy účinky léků   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• objevování léků MeSH
• receptory cytokinové antagonisté a inhibitory   biosyntéza   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 metabolismus   MeSH
• toll-like receptory agonisté   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokiny MeSH
• receptory cytokinové MeSH
• systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 MeSH
• toll-like receptory MeSH

The innate immune system senses invading microorganisms by a phylogenetically conserved family of proteins PRRs of which TLRs are ones of the most important. There are at least 10 different TLRs in humans and 11 in mice. They have in the course of evolution specialized for the recognition of conserved structures among microorganisms called PAMPs. Activation of TLRs results in induction of innate immunity mechanisms as well in development of antigen-specific adaptive immune responses, thus bridging innate and adaptive immunity.

• MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• intracelulární signální peptidy a proteiny MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ligandy * MeSH
• myši MeSH
• přirozená imunita MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• toll-like receptor 2 metabolismus   MeSH
• toll-like receptor 4 imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• toll-like receptory chemie   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• intracelulární signální peptidy a proteiny MeSH
• ligandy * MeSH
• toll-like receptor 2 MeSH
• toll-like receptor 4 MeSH
• toll-like receptory MeSH

The ability of the innate immune system to recognize and respond to microbial components has been largely attributed to the family of TLRs. They are able to discriminate among distinct molecular patterns associated with microbial components. Recognition of microbial products by TLRs results in induction of innate immunity mechanisms as well in development of antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. Some of TLR ligands start to be used to enhance immune defence mechanisms in fighting infections or malignancies. On the contrary, others were shown to be involved in immunopathogenesis of autoimmune disorders such as SLE.

• MeSH
• alfa-defensiny MeSH
• autoimunita MeSH
• defensiny imunologie   MeSH
• intracelulární signální peptidy a proteiny fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přirozená imunita MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• toll-like receptory fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alfa-defensiny MeSH
• defensiny MeSH
• intracelulární signální peptidy a proteiny MeSH
• toll-like receptory MeSH

The innate immune system senses invading microorganisms by a phylogenetically conserved family of proteins--TLRs. They are expressed in several types of cells that represent a route of entry of pathogens into the host organism and that can contribute to protection against infection. Except for cells of the immune system, TLRs are present in epithelial cells of the skin, respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts that form the first protective barrier to invading pathogens. Polarized regulation of TLR expression in epithelial cells explains why pathogenic but not commensal bacteria elicit inflammatory responses. TLR-induced intracellular signalling pathways show remarkable complexity: apart from a common signalling pathway, additional signalling pathways specific for each of the TLRs are responsible for a fine tuning of the immune response, thus securing effective pathogen-directed biological responses.

• MeSH
• adaptorové proteiny signální transdukční fyziologie   MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ligandy MeSH
• toll-like receptory fyziologie   MeSH
• transkripční faktory fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adaptorové proteiny signální transdukční MeSH
• ligandy MeSH
• toll-like receptory MeSH
• transkripční faktory MeSH