Use of nanoparticles (NPs) in several commercial products has led to emergence of novel contaminants of air, soil and water bodies. The NPs may exhibit greater ecotoxicity due to nano-scale dependent properties over their bulk counterparts. The present investigation explores the effect of in vitro supplementation of TiO2, silica and silver NPs on radial growth and ultrastructural changes in the hyphae and spores of two mushroom genera, Ganoderma lucidum and Volvariella volvaceae. A concentration dependent decrease in radial growth on NP amended potato dextrose agar medium was recorded. However, in comparison to control, there was decrease in radial diameter on supplementation with TiO2 NPs while an increase was recorded for silica and silver NPs amendments as compared to their bulk salts at same concentrations after 48 h of incubation. Optical microscopy studies showed decrease in the number of spores while increase in spore diameter and thinning of hyphal diameter on NPs supplementation. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of fungal growth showed presence of deflated and oblong spores in two fruiting strains of Ganoderma while Volvariella exhibited decreased sporulation. Further, hyphal thinning and branching was recorded in response to NP amendments in both the test mushrooms. Enhancement of protein content was observed on NP compared to bulk supplementation for all cultures, concentrations and hours of incubation except for TiO2 NPs. Likewise, bulk and NP supplementations (at 100 mg L -1) resulted in enhanced laccase activity with occurrence of laccase specific protein bands on SDS-PAGE analysis.

• Keywords
• Laccase enzyme, nanoparticles, protein content, radial diameter,
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

This article presents a bibliometric study of 200 European publications released between 2001 and 2016, about the contamination of mushrooms by selected elements. The analysis includes figures on the type of analyte, its concentration, the species of fungi, and its country of origin. In the literature review, 492 species of mushrooms (wild-growing and cultured) found in 26 European countries and their concentration of 74 associated elements were analysed. The papers, which dealt mainly with the heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) concentrations of mushrooms, primarily came from Turkey, Poland, Spain, and the Czech Republic. More than 50% of the publications provided data about edible mushrooms. The results of the bibliometric analysis showed that over the 16 years, European research on fungal contamination by selected analytes has not lessened in popularity and is ongoing. Many of the studies underlined the need to assess the risk to human health arising from the consumption of contaminated mushrooms taken from various habitats. These results were the effect of, among other things, the strong interest in studies carried out on edible species, in which concentrations of mainly heavy metals that are dangerous to health and are marked were indicated (Cd, Pb, and Hg).

• Keywords
• Bibliometric analysis, Heavy metals, Mushrooms, Review,
• MeSH
• Agaricales * MeSH
• Bibliometrics MeSH
• Soil Pollutants analysis   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Environmental Monitoring MeSH
• Metals, Heavy analysis   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH
• Europe MeSH
• Poland MeSH
• Spain MeSH
• Turkey MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Soil Pollutants MeSH
• Metals, Heavy MeSH

Ligninolytic enzymes, such as laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase, are biotechnologically-important enzymes. The ability of five white-rot fungal strains Daedaleopsis confragosa, Fomes fomentarius, Trametes gibbosa, Trametes suaveolens and Trametes versicolor to produce these enzymes has been studied. Three different copper(II) complexes have been prepared ((Him)[Cu(im)₄(H₂O)₂](btc)·3H₂O, where im = imidazole, H₃btc = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, [Cu₃(pmdien)₃(btc)](ClO₄)₃·6H₂O) and [Cu₃(mdpta)₃(btc)](ClO₄)₃·4H₂O, where pmdien = N,N,N',N'',N''-pentamethyl-diethylenetriamine and mdpta = N,N-bis-(3-aminopropyl)methyl- amine), and their potential application for laccase and peroxidases induction have been tested. The enzyme-inducing activities of the complexes were compared with that of copper sulfate, and it has been found that all of the complexes are suitable for the induction of laccase and peroxidase activities in white-rot fungi; however, the newly-synthesized complex M1 showed the greatest potential for the induction. With respect to the different copper inducers, this parameter seems to be important for enzyme activity, which depends also on the fungal strains.

• Keywords
• copper complex, enzymatic induction, laccase, peroxidase, trimesic acid,
• MeSH
• Enzyme Induction MeSH
• Fungal Proteins biosynthesis   genetics   MeSH
• Coordination Complexes chemistry   pharmacology   MeSH
• Laccase biosynthesis   genetics   MeSH
• Copper chemistry   MeSH
• Peroxidases biosynthesis   genetics   MeSH
• Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic MeSH
• Trametes enzymology   MeSH
• Hydrogen Bonding MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Fungal Proteins MeSH
• Coordination Complexes MeSH
• Laccase MeSH
• lignin peroxidase MeSH Browser
• manganese peroxidase MeSH Browser
• Copper MeSH
• Peroxidases MeSH

The production of laccase in liquid cultures of the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was highly variable. During the first days of cultivation, the relative variability was as high as 80-100% and it decreased to 30% in the course of cultivation. The main source of variability was assumed to be the independent development of enzyme activity in individual cultures. Cultures with high laccase production showed also high production of the other ligninolytic enzyme--Mn-dependent peroxidase. The variability was probably due to the source of inoculum, deactivation of the enzyme in culture liquid and genetic variations among the cultures. Variability of laccase activities was lower during solid-state fermentation on wheat straw and during the growth in nonsterile soil.

• MeSH
• Fermentation MeSH
• Culture Media MeSH
• Laccase MeSH
• Mycology methods   MeSH
• Oxidoreductases biosynthesis   metabolism   MeSH
• Pleurotus enzymology   growth & development   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Culture Media MeSH
• Laccase MeSH
• Oxidoreductases MeSH