Ixodes ricinus ticks are distributed across Europe and are a vector of tick-borne diseases. Although I. ricinus transcriptome studies have focused exclusively on protein coding genes, the last decade witnessed a strong increase in long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) research and characterization. Here, we report for the first time an exhaustive analysis of these non-coding molecules in I. ricinus based on 131 RNA-seq datasets from three different BioProjects. Using this data, we obtained a consensus set of lncRNAs and showed that lncRNA expression is stable among different studies. While the length distribution of lncRNAs from the individual data sets is biased toward short length values, implying the existence of technical artefacts, the consensus lncRNAs show a more homogeneous distribution emphasizing the importance to incorporate data from different sources to generate a solid reference set of lncRNAs. KEGG enrichment analysis of host miRNAs putatively targeting lncRNAs upregulated upon feeding showed that these miRNAs are involved in several relevant functions for the tick-host interaction. The possibility that at least some tick lncRNAs act as host miRNA sponges was further explored by identifying lncRNAs with many target regions for a given host miRNA or sets of host miRNAs that consistently target lncRNAs together. Overall, our findings suggest that lncRNAs that may act as sponges have diverse biological roles related to the tick-host interaction in different tissues.

• Klíčová slova
• Ixodes ricinus, RNA-sequencing, ectoparasite-host interactions, host immunity, lncRNA,
• MeSH
• klíště * genetika   MeSH
• mikro RNA * genetika   MeSH
• nemoci přenášené klíšťaty * MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * genetika   MeSH
• výpočetní biologie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mikro RNA * MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * MeSH

The major concern of pharmacology about cytokines has originated from plentiful data showing association between gross changes in their production and pathophysiological processes. Despite the enigmatic role of cytokines in diseases, a number of them have become a subject of cytokine and anti-cytokine immunotherapies. Production of cytokines can be influenced by many endogenous and exogenous stimuli including drugs. Cells of the immune system, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, are richly endowed with receptors for the mediators of physiological functions, such as biogenic amines, adenosine, prostanoids, steroids, etc. Drugs, agonists or antagonists of these receptors can directly or indirectly up- and down-regulate secretion of cytokines and expression of cytokine receptors. Vice versa, cytokines interfere with drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics through the interactions with cytochrome P450 and multiple drug resistance proteins. The aim of the review is to encourage more intensive studies in these fields of cytokine pharmacology. It also outlines major areas of searching promising candidates for immunotherapeutic interventions.

• MeSH
• cytokiny antagonisté a inhibitory   biosyntéza   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• farmakokinetika MeSH
• farmakologie MeSH
• imunoterapie MeSH
• léková rezistence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfocyty účinky léků   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• makrofágy účinky léků   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• objevování léků MeSH
• receptory cytokinové antagonisté a inhibitory   biosyntéza   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 metabolismus   MeSH
• toll-like receptory agonisté   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokiny MeSH
• receptory cytokinové MeSH
• systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 MeSH
• toll-like receptory MeSH