The need for biosensors has evolved in the detection of molecules, diseases, and pollution from various sources. This requirement has headed to the development of accurate and powerful equipment for analysis using biological sensing component as a biosensor. Biosensors have the advantage of rapid detection that can beat the conventional methods for the detection of the same molecules. Bio-chemiluminescence-based sensors are very sensitive during use in biological immune assay systems. Optical biosensors are emerging with time as they have the advantage that they act with a change in the refractive index. Carbon nanotube-based sensors are another area that has an important role in the biosensor field. Bioluminescence gives much higher quantum yields than classical chemiluminescence. Electro-generated bioluminescence has the advantage of miniature size and can produce a high signal-to-noise ratio and the controlled emission. Recent advances in biological techniques and instrumentation involving fluorescence tag to nanomaterials have increased the sensitivity limit of biosensors. Integrated approaches provided a better perspective for developing specific and sensitive biosensors with high regenerative potentials. This paper mainly focuses on sensors that are important for the detection of multiple molecules related to clinical and environmental applications. KEY POINTS: • The review focusses on the applications of luminescence-based, surface plasmon resonance-based, carbon nanotube-based, and graphene-based biosensors • Potential clinical, environmental, agricultural, and food industry applications/uses of biosensors have been critically reviewed • The current limitations in this field are discussed, as well as the prospects for future advancement.

• Klíčová slova
• Agriculture and food industry, Bio-chemiluminescence, Biosensors, Carbon nanotubes, Diseases, Environmental application, Graphene, Pollution,
• MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky * MeSH
• grafit * MeSH
• luminiscence MeSH
• nanotrubičky uhlíkové * MeSH
• povrchová plasmonová rezonance MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• grafit * MeSH
• nanotrubičky uhlíkové * MeSH

The purpose of the present study was to employ two methods-square wave voltammetry (SWV) performed on screen printed sensors and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)-as suitable tools for the assay of low-molecular-weight antioxidants (LMWAs). LMWAs were assayed by both methods and the resulting data were statistically compared. Plasma samples from five Cinereous vultures accidentally intoxicated with lead were used to represent real biological matrices with different levels of LMWAs. Blood was collected from the birds prior to and one month after treatment with Ca-EDTA. SWV resulted in two peaks. The first peak, with the potential value of 466 ± 15 mV, was recognized as ascorbic and uric acids, while the second one (743 ± 30 mV) represented glutathione, tocopherol, ascorbic acid and in a minor effect by uric acid, too. Contribution of individual antioxidants was recognized by separate assays of LMWA standards. Correlation between peaks 1 and 2 as well as the sum of the two peaks and FRAP was analysed. While peak 1 and the sum of peaks were in close correlation to FRAP results (correlation coefficient of 0.97), the relation between peak 2 and FRAP may be expressed using a correlation coefficient of 0.64. The determination of thiols by the Ellman assay confirmed the accuracy of SWV. Levels of glutathione and other similar structures were stable in the chosen model and it may be concluded that SWV is appropriate for assay of LMWAs in plasma samples. The methods employed in the study were advantageous in minimal sample volume consumption and fast acquisition of results.

• Klíčová slova
• Cinereous vultures, analytical methods, ascorbate, glutathione, lead intoxication, uric acid,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH