The need for biosensors has evolved in the detection of molecules, diseases, and pollution from various sources. This requirement has headed to the development of accurate and powerful equipment for analysis using biological sensing component as a biosensor. Biosensors have the advantage of rapid detection that can beat the conventional methods for the detection of the same molecules. Bio-chemiluminescence-based sensors are very sensitive during use in biological immune assay systems. Optical biosensors are emerging with time as they have the advantage that they act with a change in the refractive index. Carbon nanotube-based sensors are another area that has an important role in the biosensor field. Bioluminescence gives much higher quantum yields than classical chemiluminescence. Electro-generated bioluminescence has the advantage of miniature size and can produce a high signal-to-noise ratio and the controlled emission. Recent advances in biological techniques and instrumentation involving fluorescence tag to nanomaterials have increased the sensitivity limit of biosensors. Integrated approaches provided a better perspective for developing specific and sensitive biosensors with high regenerative potentials. This paper mainly focuses on sensors that are important for the detection of multiple molecules related to clinical and environmental applications. KEY POINTS: • The review focusses on the applications of luminescence-based, surface plasmon resonance-based, carbon nanotube-based, and graphene-based biosensors • Potential clinical, environmental, agricultural, and food industry applications/uses of biosensors have been critically reviewed • The current limitations in this field are discussed, as well as the prospects for future advancement.

Biomedical Research Center University Hospital Hradec Kralove 50005 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Center for Basic and Applied Science Faculty of Informatics and Management University of Hradec Kralove 50003 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo 7 3 1 Hongo Bunkyo ku Tokyo 113 0033 Japan

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Institute Gijubhai Badheka Marg Bhavnagar Gujarat 364002 India

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Hradec Kralove 50003 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Department of Life Sciences Ben Gurion University of the Negev 84105 Beer Sheva Israel

Department of Life Sciences Presidency University 86 1 College Street Kolkata 700073 West Bengal India

Faculty of Science and Technology Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida 201313 India

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