Obesity is a complex disease that increases the risk of other pathologies. Its prevention and long-term weight loss maintenance are problematic. Gut microbiome is considered a potential obesity modulator. The objective of the present study was to summarize recent findings regarding the relationships between obesity, gut microbiota, and diet (vegetable/animal proteins, high-fat diets, restriction of carbohydrates), with an emphasis on dietary fiber and resistant starch. The composition of the human gut microbiome and the methods of its quantification are described. Products of the gut microbiome metabolism, such as short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids, and their effects on the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function and immune homeostasis are discussed in the context of obesity. The importance of dietary fiber and resistant starch is emphasized as far as effects of the host diet on the composition and function of the gut microbiome are concerned. The complex relationships between human gut microbiome and obesity are finally summarized.

• Klíčová slova
• butyrate, dietary fiber, immune homeostasis, intestinal barrier function, resistant starch, secondary bile acids, short-chain fatty acids,
• MeSH
• dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dieta * MeSH
• kyseliny mastné těkavé metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• potravní vláknina * aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * fyziologie   MeSH
• žlučové kyseliny a soli metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kyseliny mastné těkavé MeSH
• potravní vláknina * MeSH
• žlučové kyseliny a soli MeSH

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) occurs in subjects with obesity and metabolic syndrome. MASLD may progress from simple steatosis (i.e., hepatic steatosis) to steatohepatitis, characterized by inflammatory changes and liver cell damage, substantially increasing mortality. Lifestyle measures associated with weight loss and/or appropriate diet help reduce liver fat accumulation, thereby potentially limiting progression to steatohepatitis. As for diet, both total energy and macronutrient composition significantly influence the liver's fat content. For example, the type of dietary fatty acids can affect the metabolism of lipids and hence their tissue accumulation, with saturated fatty acids having a greater ability to promote fat storage in the liver than polyunsaturated ones. In particular, polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-3 series (omega-3), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have been intensively studied for their antisteatotic effects, both in preclinical animal models of obesity and hepatic steatosis and in overweight/obese patients. Their effects may depend not only on the dose and duration of administration of omega-3, or DHA/EPA ratio, but also on the lipid class used for their supplementation. This review summarizes the available evidence from recent comparative studies using omega-3 supplementation via different lipid classes. Albeit the evidence is mainly limited to preclinical studies, it suggests that phospholipids and possibly wax esters could provide greater efficacy against MASLD compared to traditional chemical forms of omega-3 supplementation (i.e., triacylglycerols, ethyl esters). This cannot be attributed solely to improved EPA and/or DHA bioavailability, but other mechanisms may be involved. Keywords: MASLD • Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease • NAFLD • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease • n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

• MeSH
• játra * metabolismus   účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů účinky léků   MeSH
• nealkoholová steatóza jater metabolismus   farmakoterapie   dietoterapie   patologie   MeSH
• obezita metabolismus   farmakoterapie   dietoterapie   patologie   MeSH
• omega-3 mastné kyseliny * aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• potravní doplňky * MeSH
• ztučnělá játra metabolismus   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• omega-3 mastné kyseliny * MeSH

Childhood obesity not only causes damage to children's respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, motor, and other systems but also is a significant risk factor for metabolic diseases such as obesity in adulthood, which has become one of the serious public health problems worldwide. The etiology and pathogenesis of obesity are complex. In addition to genetic and lifestyle factors, recent studies have found that the microbes in the digestive tract play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of obesity. Among them, the gut microbiota has been confirmed to be one of the important pathogenic factors of obesity, which can mediate the occurrence and development of obesity by interfering with the balance of host energy metabolism and inducing low-grade chronic inflammation throughout the host. Targeting the gut microbiota to treat obesity through various methods such as fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary intervention, and probiotic supplementation has become a research hotspot in obesity treatment. In addition, the oral microbiota is also considered closely related to the occurrence and development of obesity due to its regulatory effect on the balance of gut microbiota. Exploring the relationship between oral and gut microbiota and childhood obesity elucidates the pathogenesis and treatment concepts of childhood obesity from a new perspective. It may provide new methods for the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity in the future.

• Klíčová slova
• Childhood obesity, Dysbiosis, Gut, Microbiota, Oral,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• gastrointestinální trakt MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• obezita dětí a dospívajících * terapie   MeSH
• probiotika * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The goal of this work was to elucidate similarities between microorganisms from the perspective of the humoral immune system reactivity in professional athletes. The reactivity of serum IgG of 14 young, individuals was analyzed to 23 selected microorganisms as antigens by use of the in house ELISA. Serum IgM and IgA reactivity was also analyzed and a control group of sex and age matched individuals was used for comparison. The obtained absorbance levels were used as a string of values to correlate the reactivity to different microorganisms. IgM was found to be the most cross reactive antibody class, Pearson's r = 0.7-0.92, for very distant bacterial species such as Lactobacillus and E. coli.High correlation in IgG levels was found for Gammaproteobacteria and LPS (from E. coli) (r = 0.77 for LPS vs. P. aeruginosa to r = 0.98 for LPS vs. E.coli), whereas this correlation was lower in the control group (r = 0.49 for LPS vs. P. aeruginosa to r = 0.66 for LPS vs. E.coli). The correlation was also analyzed between total IgG and IgG subclasses specific for the same microorganism, and IgG2 was identified as the main subclass recognising different microorganisms, as well as recognising LPS. Upon correlation of IgG with IgA for the same microorganism absence of or negative correlation was found between bacteria-specific IgA and IgG in case of Lactobacillus and Staphylococcusgeni, whereas correlation was absent or positive for Candida albicans, Enterococcusfaecalis,Streptococcus species tested in professional athletes. Opposite results were obtained for the control group. Outlined here is a simple experimental procedure and data analysis which yields functional significance and which can be used for determining the similarities between microorganisms from the aspect of the humoral immune system, for determining the main IgG subclass involved in an immune response as well as for the analysis of different target populations.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• ELISA MeSH
• humorální imunita MeSH
• imunoglobulin A krev   MeSH
• imunoglobulin G krev   MeSH
• imunoglobulin M krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• protilátky bakteriální krev   MeSH
• specificita protilátek * MeSH
• sportovci * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• imunoglobulin A MeSH
• imunoglobulin G MeSH
• imunoglobulin M MeSH
• protilátky bakteriální MeSH

The worldwide prevalence of obesity more than doubled between 1980 and 2014. The obesity pandemic is tightly linked to an increase in energy availability, sedentariness and greater control of ambient temperature that have paralleled the socioeconomic development of the past decades. The most frequent cause which leads to the obesity development is a dysbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor which influence whole-body metabolism by affecting energy balance but also inflammation and gut barrier function, integrate peripheral and central food intake regulatory signals and thereby increase body weight. Probiotics have physiologic functions that contribute to the health of gut microbiota, can affect food intake and appetite, body weight and composition and metabolic functions through gastrointestinal pathways and modulation of the gut bacterial community.

• Klíčová slova
• Gut microbiota, Intestinal microflora, Obesity, Prevention, Probiotics, Treatment,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of the different probiotic strains, Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 and Lactobacillus plantarum Biocenol LP96, on lipid metabolism and body weight in rats fed a high fat diet. Compared with the high fat diet group, the results showed that Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 reduced serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, but Lactobacillus plantarum Biocenol LP96 decreased triglycerides and VLDL, while there was no change in the serum HDL level and liver lipids. Both probiotic strains lowered total bile acids in serum. Our strains have no significant change in body weight, gain weight, and body fat. These findings indicate that the effect of lactobacilli on lipid metabolism may differ among strains and that the Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 and Lactobacillus plantarum Biocenol LP96 can be used to improve lipid profile and can contribute to a healthier bowel microbial balance.

• MeSH
• dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků * MeSH
• glukuronidasa metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• Lactobacillus plantarum enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lipidy krev   MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů * MeSH
• probiotika aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glukuronidasa MeSH
• lipidy MeSH