Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia associated with a two-fold increase in mortality caused by a higher risk of stroke and heart failure. Currently, AF is present in ~ 2 % of the general population, and its incidence and prevalence are increasing. Obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea, and alcohol consumption increase the risk of AF. Each unit of increase in BMI increases the risk of AF by 3 %, and intensive weight loss is also associated with reduced AF recurrence. Hypertension increases the risk of AF by 50 % in men and by 40 % in women, and explains ~ 20 % of new AF cases. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea are at four times higher risk of developing AF than subjects without sleep apnea. Higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, higher amounts of epicardial adipose tissue, and a higher degree of ventricular diffuse myocardial fibrosis are present in AF patients and patients with the aforementioned metabolic disorders. Several prospective cohort studies and randomized trials have been initiated to show whether weight loss and treatment of other risk factors will be associated with a reduction in AF recurrences.

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus * MeSH
• fibrilace síní * diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• hypertenze * komplikace   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita komplikace   diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• syndromy spánkové apnoe * komplikace   diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Obesity is accompanied by the development of chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue. The presence of chronic inflammatory response along with metabolically harmful factors released by adipose tissue into the circulation is associated with several metabolic complications of obesity such as type 2 diabetes mellitus or accelerated atherosclerosis. The present review is focused on macrophages and lymphocytes and their possible role in low-grade inflammation in fat. Both macrophages and lymphocytes respond to obesity-induced adipocyte hypertrophy by their migration into adipose tissue. After activation and differentiation, they contribute to the development of local inflammatory response and modulation of endocrine function of adipose tissue. Despite intensive research, the exact role of lymphocytes and macrophages within adipose tissue is only partially clarified and various data obtained by different approaches bring ambiguous information with respect to their polarization and cytokine production. Compared to immunocompetent cells, the role of adipocytes in the obesity-related adipose tissue inflammation is often underestimated despite their abundant production of factors with immunomodulatory actions such as cytokines or adipokines such as leptin, adiponektin, and others. In summary, conflicting evidence together with only partial correlation of in vitro findings with true in vivo situation due to great heterogeneity and molecular complexity of tissue environment calls for intensive research in this rapidly evolving and important area.

• Klíčová slova
• Adipocytes, Low-grade inflammation, Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Obesity,
• MeSH
• adipokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• biologické markery metabolismus   MeSH
• cytokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makrofágy imunologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• obezita imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• T-lymfocyty pomocné-indukující imunologie   MeSH
• tuková tkáň cytologie   imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• zánět imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adipokiny MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• cytokiny MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Resolution of low-grade inflammation of white adipose tissue (WAT) is one of the keys for amelioration of obesity-associated metabolic dysfunctions. We focused on the identification of adipokines, which could be involved at the early stages of resolution of WAT inflammation. METHODS AND PROCEDURE: Male C57BL/6J mice with obesity induced in response to a 22-week feeding corn oil-based high-fat (cHF) diet were divided into four groups and were fed with, for 2 weeks, control cHF diet or cHF-based diets supplemented with: (i) concentrate of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (cHF+F); (ii) thiazolidinedione drug rosiglitazone (cHF+TZD); and (iii) both compounds (cHF+F+TZD). RESULTS: The short-term combined intervention exerted additive effect in the amelioration of WAT inflammation in obese mice, namely in the epididymal fat, even in the absence of any changes in either adipocyte volume or fat mass. The combined intervention elicited hypolipidaemic effect and induced adiponectin, whereas the responses to single interventions (cHF+F, cHF+TZD) were less pronounced. In addition, analysis in WAT lysates using protein arrays revealed that the levels of a small set of adipose tissue-related proteins, namely macrophage inflammatory protein 1γ, endoglin, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, changed in response to the anti-inflammatory interventions and were strongly reduced in the cHF+F+TZD mice. These results were verified using both the analysis of gene expression and enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis in WAT lysates. In contrast with adiponectin, which showed changing plasma levels in response to dietary interventions, the levels of the above proteins were affected only in WAT. CONCLUSIONS: We identified several adipose tissue-related proteins, which are locally involved in resolution of low-grade inflammation and remodelling of WAT.

• MeSH
• adipokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• bílá tuková tkáň metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků MeSH
• dietní tuky MeSH
• ELISA MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• kyseliny dokosahexaenové farmakologie   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši obézní MeSH
• myši MeSH
• obezita imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• omega-3 mastné kyseliny farmakologie   MeSH
• rosiglitazon MeSH
• thiazolidindiony farmakologie   MeSH
• tukové buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• zánět patologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adipokiny MeSH
• dietní tuky MeSH
• kyseliny dokosahexaenové MeSH
• omega-3 mastné kyseliny MeSH
• rosiglitazon MeSH
• thiazolidindiony MeSH