Neoseiulus cucumeris is a predatory mite used for biological control of arthropod pests. Mass-reared predators are fed with factitious prey mites such as Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Although some information on certain endosymbionts of N. cucumeris and T. putrescentiae exists, it is unclear whether both species share bacterial communities. The bacterial communities in populations of predator and prey mites, as well as the occurence of potential acaropathogenic bacteria were analyzed. The comparisons were based on the following groups: (i) N. cucumeris mass-production; (ii) N. cucumeris laboratory population with disease symptoms; (iii) T. putrescentiae pure populations and; (iv) T. putrescentiae from rearing units of N. cucumeris. Only 15% of OTUs were present in all samples from predatory and prey mite populations (core OTUs): the intracellular symbionts Wolbachia, Cardinium, plus other Blattabacterium-like, Solitalea-like, and Bartonella-like symbionts. Environmental bacteria were more abundant in predatory mites, while symbiotic bacteria prevailed in prey mites. Relative numbers of certain bacterial taxa were significantly different between the microbiota of prey mites reared with and without N. cucumeris. No significant differences were found in the bacterial communities of healthy N. cucumeris compared to N. cucumeris showing disease symptoms. We did not identify any confirmed acaropathogenic bacteria among microbiota.

• MeSH
• Acari mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• metagenomika MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• symbióza MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank, 1781) is an emerging source of allergens in stored products and homes. Feces proteases are the major allergens of astigmatid mites (Acari: Acaridida). In addition, the mites are carriers of microorganisms and microbial adjuvant compounds that stimulate innate signaling pathways. We sought to analyze the mite feces proteome, proteolytic activities, and mite-bacterial interaction in dry dog food (DDF). Proteomic methods comprising enzymatic and zymographic analysis of proteases and 2D-E-MS/MS were performed. The highest protease activity was assigned to trypsin-like proteases; lower activity was assigned to chymotrypsin-like proteases, and the cysteine protease cathepsin B-like had very low activity. The 2D-E-MS/MS proteomic analysis identified mite trypsin allergen Tyr p3, fatty acid-binding protein Tyr p13 and putative mite allergens ferritin (Grp 30) and (poly)ubiquitins. Tyr p3 was detected at different positions of the 2D-E. It indicates presence of zymogen at basic pI, and mature-enzyme form and enzyme fragment at acidic pI. Bacillolysins (neutral and alkaline proteases) of Bacillus cereus symbiont can contribute to the protease activity of the mite extract. The bacterial exo-chitinases likely contribute to degradation of mite exuviae, mite bodies or food boluses consisting of chitin, including the peritrophic membrane. Thus, the chitinases disrupt the feces and facilitate release of the allergens. B. cereus was isolated and identified based on amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA and motB genes. B. cereus was added into high-fat, high-protein (DDF) and low-fat, low-protein (flour) diets to 1 and 5% (w/w), and the diets palatability was evaluated in 21-day population growth test. The supplementation of diet with B. cereus significantly suppressed population growth and the suppressive effect was higher in the high-fat, high-protein diet than in the low-fat, low-protein food. Thus, B. cereus has to coexist with the mite in balance to be beneficial for the mite. The mite-B. cereus symbiosis can be beneficial-suppressive at some level. The results increase the veterinary and medical importance of the allergens detected in feces. The B. cereus enzymes/toxins are important components of mite allergens. The strong symbiotic association of T. putrescentiae with B. cereus in DDF was indicated.

• Klíčová slova
• Bacillus cereus, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, allergen, bacillolysin, exochitinase, nutrition, protease, symbiosis,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Bacteria are associated with the gut, fat bodies and reproductive organs of stored product mites (Acari: Astigmata). The mites are pests due to the production of allergens. Addition of antibiotics to diets can help to characterize the association between mites and bacteria. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Ampicillin, neomycin and streptomycin were added to the diets of mites and the effects on mite population growth (Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor and Tyrophagus putrescentiae) and associated bacterial community structure were assessed. Mites were treated by antibiotic supplementation (1 mg g(-1) of diet) for 21 days and numbers of mites and bacterial communities were analyzed and compared to the untreated control. Bacterial quantities, determined by real-time PCR, significantly decreased in antibiotic treated specimens from 5 to 30 times in A. siro and T. putrescentiae, while no decline was observed in L. destructor. Streptomycin treatment eliminated Bartonella-like bacteria in the both A. siro and T. putrescentiae and Cardinium in T. putrescentiae. Solitalea-like bacteria proportion increased in the communities of neomycin and streptomycin treated A. siro specimens. Kocuria proportion increased in the bacterial communities of ampicillin and streptomycin treated A. siro and neomycin and streptomycin treated L. destructor. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The work demonstrated the changes of mite associated bacterial community under antibiotic pressure in pests of medical importance. Pre-treatment of mites by 1 mg g(-1) antibiotic diets improved mite fitness as indicated accelerated population growth of A. siro pretreated streptomycin and neomycin and L. destructor pretreated by neomycin. All tested antibiotics supplemented to diets caused the decrease of mite growth rate in comparison to the control diet.

• MeSH
• Acaridae účinky léků   růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ampicilin farmakologie   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Bacteria genetika   MeSH
• hustota populace MeSH
• mikrobiální společenstva účinky léků   MeSH
• neomycin farmakologie   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH
• streptomycin farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ampicilin MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• neomycin MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH
• streptomycin MeSH

The effect of four avermectins on the population growth of pest mite Lepidoglyphus destructor was tested in laboratory experiments. The avermectins (abamectin, doramectin, emamectin-benzoate and ivermectin) of analytical purity were incorporated into an experimental diet at the same molar concentrations, ranging from 0.16 to 8 nmol/3 g of diet. Using an initial population of 50 mites, the population growth was recorded after 21 days at 85 % relative humidity and 25 °C; 12 repeats were performed per avermectin concentration and control. The diets containing the avermectins successfully suppressed the population growth of L. destructor. The EC(50) recalculated to ng of substance per g of diet showed different suppressive effects of the avermectins: doramectin (181 ng/g diet), abamectin (299 ng/g diet), emamectin-benzoate (812 ng/g diet) and ivermectin (992 ng/g diet). Of the tested avermectins, abamectin is registered for the control of phytophagous mites and ivermectin against parasitic mites, i.e., Psoroptes ovis. Although emamectin-benzoate and ivermectin were less effective on L. destructor, all of the tested avermectins are highly suitable compounds for the control of synanthropic mites.

• MeSH
• akaricidy aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• ivermektin analogy a deriváty   farmakologie   MeSH
• rozmnožování účinky léků   MeSH
• roztoči účinky léků   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• akaricidy MeSH
• avermectin MeSH Prohlížeč
• ivermektin MeSH

The study tested the effect of the chitin metabolic effectors, teflubenzuron, diflubenzuron, and calcofluor, and a combination of a chitinase and soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) on the population growth of eight species of stored product mites under laboratory conditions. The compounds were incorporated into the diets of the mites in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 50 mg g(-1). The final populations of mites were observed after 21 days of growth in controlled conditions. Diflubenzuron and calcofluor suppressed the growth of all the tested species more effectively than the other compounds. The doses required to suppress the mite populations to 50% (rc(50)) in comparison to the control ranged from 0.29 to 12.68 mg g(-1) for diflubenzuron and from 1.75 to 37.7 mg g(-1) for calcofluor, depending on the mite species. When tested at the highest concentration (10 mg g(-1)), teflubenzuron also suppressed all of the tested mite species in comparison to the control. The addition of chitinase/STI into the diet influenced population growth in several ways. When the highest concentration of chitinase in a cocktail of chitinase and STI (12.5 mg g(-1) of diet) was compared to the control, populations of Acarus siro, Aleuroglyphus ovatus and Aëroglyphus robustus decreased significantly, whereas populations of Tyroborus lini and Sancassania rodionovi increased significantly. The sensitivity of species to the tested compounds differed among species. The most tolerant species was S. rodionovi, the most sensitive was A. ovatus. The results confirmed that calcofluor and diflubenzuron have a toxic effect on stored product mites.

• MeSH
• Acaridae účinky léků   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• akaricidy farmakologie   MeSH
• benzamidy farmakologie   MeSH
• benzensulfonáty farmakologie   MeSH
• chitin metabolismus   MeSH
• chitinasy farmakologie   MeSH
• diflubenzuron farmakologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• hustota populace MeSH
• inhibitory trypsinu farmakologie   MeSH
• kontrola škůdců metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• akaricidy MeSH
• benzamidy MeSH
• benzensulfonáty MeSH
• C.I. Fluorescent Brightening Agent 28 MeSH Prohlížeč
• chitin MeSH
• chitinasy MeSH
• diflubenzuron MeSH
• inhibitory trypsinu MeSH
• teflubenzuron MeSH Prohlížeč