The need for biosensors has evolved in the detection of molecules, diseases, and pollution from various sources. This requirement has headed to the development of accurate and powerful equipment for analysis using biological sensing component as a biosensor. Biosensors have the advantage of rapid detection that can beat the conventional methods for the detection of the same molecules. Bio-chemiluminescence-based sensors are very sensitive during use in biological immune assay systems. Optical biosensors are emerging with time as they have the advantage that they act with a change in the refractive index. Carbon nanotube-based sensors are another area that has an important role in the biosensor field. Bioluminescence gives much higher quantum yields than classical chemiluminescence. Electro-generated bioluminescence has the advantage of miniature size and can produce a high signal-to-noise ratio and the controlled emission. Recent advances in biological techniques and instrumentation involving fluorescence tag to nanomaterials have increased the sensitivity limit of biosensors. Integrated approaches provided a better perspective for developing specific and sensitive biosensors with high regenerative potentials. This paper mainly focuses on sensors that are important for the detection of multiple molecules related to clinical and environmental applications. KEY POINTS: • The review focusses on the applications of luminescence-based, surface plasmon resonance-based, carbon nanotube-based, and graphene-based biosensors • Potential clinical, environmental, agricultural, and food industry applications/uses of biosensors have been critically reviewed • The current limitations in this field are discussed, as well as the prospects for future advancement.

• Keywords
• Agriculture and food industry, Bio-chemiluminescence, Biosensors, Carbon nanotubes, Diseases, Environmental application, Graphene, Pollution,
• MeSH
• Biosensing Techniques * MeSH
• Graphite * MeSH
• Luminescence MeSH
• Nanotubes, Carbon * MeSH
• Surface Plasmon Resonance MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Graphite * MeSH
• Nanotubes, Carbon * MeSH

The blood-brain barrier plays a vital role in the protection of the central nervous system. It is composed of endothelial cells with tight-junctions to limit the penetration of many endogenous and exogenous compounds, particularly hydrophilic xenobiotics. Nerve agents and pesticides are groups of compounds with high penetration potential into the central nervous system. However, oxime type antidotes are known to penetrate blood-brain barrier only in low concentration. The aim of presented study is to describe the pharmacokinetic profile of oxime K027 a novel antidote candidate. The main focus is on penetration of tested substance into the selected brain regions following time-dependent manner. The maximum concentration of the oxime K027 was attaining 15 and 30 min after i.m. application in plasma and brain tissue, respectively. The perfused brain tissue concentration was relatively high (10(-7) M order of magnitude) and depending on the brain region it was constant 15-60 min after application. The highest concentration was found in the frontal cortex 15 min after application while the lowest measured concentration was determined in the basal ganglia. This study showed that oxime K027 is able to achieve high concentration level in perfused brain tissue relatively quickly, but also demonstrated rapid clearance from the central nervous system. These results are probably due to low overall uptake of oxime K027 into the brain.

• MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Central Nervous System drug effects   metabolism   MeSH
• Blood-Brain Barrier drug effects   metabolism   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Brain drug effects   metabolism   MeSH
• Oximes metabolism   pharmacokinetics   MeSH
• Rats, Wistar MeSH
• Pyridinium Compounds metabolism   pharmacokinetics   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• 1-(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-(carbamoylpyridinium) propane dibromide MeSH Browser
• Oximes MeSH
• Pyridinium Compounds MeSH