Flame retardant (FR) exposure has been linked to several environmental and human health effects. Because of this, the production and use of several FRs are regulated globally. We reviewed the available records of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in human breast milk from literature to evaluate the efficacy of regulation to reduce the exposure of FRs to humans. Two-hundred and seven studies were used for analyses to determine the spatial and temporal trends of FR exposure. North America consistently had the highest concentrations of PBDEs, while Asia and Oceania dominated HBCDD exposure. BDE-49 and -99 indicated decreasing temporal trends in most regions. BDE-153, with a longer half-life than the aforementioned isomers, typically exhibited a plateau in breast milk levels. No conclusive trend could be established for HBCDD, and insufficient information was available to determine a temporal trend for BDE-209. Breakpoint analyses indicated a significant decrease in BDE-47 and -99 in Europe around the time that regulation has been implemented, suggesting a positive effect of regulation on FR exposure. However, very few studies have been conducted globally (specifically in North America) after 2013, during the time when the most recent regulations have been implemented. This meta-analysis provides insight into global trends in human exposure to PBDEs and HBCDD, but the remaining uncertainty highlights the need for ongoing evaluation and monitoring, even after a compound group is regulated.

• Klíčová slova
• biomonitoring, breast milk, effectiveness evaluation, flame retardant, hexabromocyclododecane, polybrominated diphenyl ether, temporal trends,
• MeSH
• halogenované difenylethery * analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mateřské mléko * chemie   MeSH
• matka - expozice noxám MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• retardanty hoření * analýza   MeSH
• vládní regulace MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí * analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Asie MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Severní Amerika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• halogenované difenylethery * MeSH
• hexabromocyclododecane MeSH Prohlížeč
• retardanty hoření * MeSH

Interference of residual lipids is a very common problem in ultratrace analysis of contaminants in fatty matrices. Therefore, quick and effective clean-up techniques applicable to multiple groups of analytes are much needed. Cartridge and dispersive solid-phase extraction (SPE and dSPE) are often used for this purpose. In this context, we evaluated the lipid clean-up efficiency and performance of four commonly used sorbents-silica, C18, Z-Sep, and EMR-lipid-for the determination of organic pollutants in fatty fish samples (10%) extracted using ethyl acetate or the QuEChERS method. Namely, 17 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 13 brominated flame retardants (BFRs), 19 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in this study. The clean-up efficiency was evaluated by direct analysis in real time coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS). The triacylglycerols (TAGs) content in the purified extracts were significantly reduced. The EMR-lipid sorbent was the most efficient of the dSPE sorbents used for the determination of POPs and PAHs in this study. The recoveries of the POPs and PAHs obtained by the validated QuEChERS method followed by the dSPE EMR-lipid sorbent ranged between 59 and 120%, with repeatabilities ranging between 2 and 23% and LOQs ranging between 0.02 and 1.50 µg·kg-1.

• Klíčová slova
• EMR-lipid, GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS, PAHs, POPs, clean-up, fish,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Concentrations and isomer compositions of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were measured in six matrices in the Czech Republic (HBCD technical mixture; consumer products; indoor and outdoor air at industrial, urban and background locations; soils; and sediments) to provide insight into changes in concentrations and isomer profiles between environmental sources and environmental sinks. A distinct gradient of air concentrations was observed, from 1600 ng/m3 in the industrial area to < 10 pg/m3 in urban and background air. Isomer profiles also showed a distinct gradient in air, from 95% γ-HBCD in industrial air to 40% γ-HBCD in background air, suggesting the influence of differential atmospheric transport and phototransformation of γ- to α-HBCD. Concentrations and isomer compositions in consumer products were highly variable and indicated differences between products with intentional addition of HBCD as a flame retardant versus those with HBCD as an impurity, e.g., from recycled plastic. Understanding the isomer-specific environmental distributions and processes remains important for risk assessment and toxicology, considering the continued use of HBCD and the isomer-specific differences in uptake, metabolism, and toxicity, and further, demonstrates the utility of isomer profiles to better understand environmental processes of HBCDs.

• Klíčová slova
• Atmospheric transport, Consumer products, Flame retardants, HBCD, Isomer profiles, Sources,
• MeSH
• bromované uhlovodíky analýza   chemie   MeSH
• isomerie MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí analýza   chemie   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• retardanty hoření analýza   MeSH
• spotřebitelská bezpečnost produktů MeSH
• vzduch analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bromované uhlovodíky MeSH
• hexabromocyclododecane MeSH Prohlížeč
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
• půda MeSH
• retardanty hoření MeSH