The Czech Republic, a part of the former Czechoslovakia, has been at the forefront of several research directions in virology, genetics and physiology [...].

• MeSH
• virologie * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• úvodníky MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The aim of this review is to follow the history of studies on endemiv arboviruses and the diseases they cause which were detected in the Czech lands (Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia (i.e., the Czech Republic)). The viruses involve tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile and Usutu flaviviruses; the Sindbis alphavirus; Ťahyňa, Batai, Lednice and Sedlec bunyaviruses; the Uukuniemi phlebovirus; and the Tribeč orbivirus. Arboviruses temporarily imported from abroad to the Czech Republic have been omitted. This brief historical review includes a bibliography of all relevant papers.

• Klíčová slova
• arthropods, birds, mammals, mosquitoes, ticks,
• MeSH
• arbovirové infekce dějiny   MeSH
• arboviry fyziologie   MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

We present epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings of five Czech patients diagnosed with autochthonous mosquito-borne disease-four patients with confirmed West Nile virus (WNV) and one patient with Usutu virus (USUV) infections, from July to October 2018, including one fatal case due to WNV. This is the first documented human outbreak caused by WNV lineage 2 in the Czech Republic and the first record of a neuroinvasive human disease caused by USUV, which illustrates the simultaneous circulation of WNV and USUV in the country.

• Klíčová slova
• Usutu virus, West Nile virus, human, mosquito-borne infections,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

RNA of Kyzylagach virus (KYZV), a Sindbis-like mosquito-borne alphavirus from Western equine encephalitis virus complex, was detected in four pools (out of 221 pools examined), encompassing 10,784 female Culex modestus mosquitoes collected at a fishpond in south Moravia, Czech Republic, with a minimum infection rate of 0.04%. This alphavirus was never detected in Central Europe before.

• Klíčová slova
• Culex modestus, Sindbis, alphaviruses, arboviruses, mosquito, reedbeds,
• MeSH
• Culicidae virologie   MeSH
• infekce alfaviry přenos   virologie   MeSH
• komáří přenašeči virologie   MeSH
• virus Sindbis * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

Monitoring West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) activity now has the highest priority among mosquito-borne pathogenic viruses circulating in the European Union. This study documents a first time detection and the co-circulation of WNV lineage-2 (with the minimal prevalence of 0.46%) and USUV clade Europe 2 (with the minimal prevalence of 0.25%) in mosquitoes from the same habitat of south-western Slovakia and underlines necessity to perform rigorous surveillance in birds, mosquitoes, horses and humans in that country.

• Klíčová slova
• Culex spp., Usutu virus, West Nile fever, West Nile virus, mosquitoes, surveillance,
• MeSH
• Culex virologie   MeSH
• Culicidae virologie   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• Flavivirus genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• infekce viry z rodu Flavivirus epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• komáří přenašeči virologie   MeSH
• koně virologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• ptáci virologie   MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví MeSH
• virus západního Nilu genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• západonilská horečka epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH

West Nile virus (WNV) is a medically important emerging arbovirus causing serious neuroinfections in humans and against which no approved antiviral therapy is currently available. In this study, we demonstrate that 2'-C-methyl- or 4'-azido-modified nucleosides are highly effective inhibitors of WNV replication, showing nanomolar or low micromolar anti-WNV activity and negligible cytotoxicity in cell culture. One representative of C2'-methylated nucleosides, 7-deaza-2'-C-methyladenosine, significantly protected WNV-infected mice from disease progression and mortality. Twice daily treatment at 25 mg/kg starting at the time of infection resulted in 100% survival of the mice. This compound was highly effective, even if the treatment was initiated 3 days postinfection, at the time of a peak of viremia, which resulted in a 90% survival rate. However, the antiviral effect of 7-deaza-2'-C-methyladenosine was absent or negligible when the treatment was started 8 days postinfection (i.e., at the time of extensive brain infection). The 4'-azido moiety appears to be another important determinant for highly efficient inhibition of WNV replication in vitro However, the strong anti-WNV effect of 4'-azidocytidine and 4'-azido-aracytidine was cell type dependent and observed predominantly in porcine kidney stable (PS) cells. The effect was much less pronounced in Vero cells. Our results indicate that 2'-C-methylated or 4'-azidated nucleosides merit further investigation as potential therapeutic agents for treating WNV infections as well as infections caused by other medically important flaviviruses.

• Klíčová slova
• West Nile virus, antiviral agents, flavivirus, nucleoside analogs,
• MeSH
• antivirové látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• Cercopithecus aethiops MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• replikace viru účinky léků   MeSH
• RNA-dependentní RNA-polymerasa antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• tubercidin analogy a deriváty   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Vero buňky MeSH
• viremie farmakoterapie   MeSH
• virus západního Nilu účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• západonilská horečka farmakoterapie   patologie   virologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 7-deaza-2'-C-methyladenosine MeSH Prohlížeč
• antivirové látky MeSH
• RNA-dependentní RNA-polymerasa MeSH
• tubercidin MeSH

BACKGROUND: Despite long-term research on dirofilariosis in Slovakia, little attention has thus far been paid to Dirofilaria vectors. The particular aim of the present study was molecular screening for filarioid parasites in two different habitats of Bratislava, the capital city of Slovakia. In addition, the effect of urbanisation on mosquito species abundance and composition, associated with the risk of mosquito-borne infections, was studied and discussed. METHODS: Mosquitoes were identified by morphological features, and molecular methods were also used for determination of selected individuals belonging to cryptic species from the Anopheles maculipennis and Culex pipiens complexes. The presence of filarioid DNA (Dirofilaria repens, Dirofilaria immitis and Setaria spp.) was detected using standard PCR approaches and sequencing. RESULTS: A total of 6957 female mosquitoes were collected for the study. Overall, the most abundant mosquito species was Aedes vexans, closely followed by unidentified members of the Cx. pipiens complex and the less numerous but still plentiful Ochlerotatus sticticus species. Further investigation of mosquito material revealed 4.26% relative prevalence of Dirofilaria spp., whereby both species, D. repens and D. immitis, were identified. The majority of positive mosquito pools had their origin in a floodplain area on the outskirts of the city, with a relative prevalence of 5.32%; only two mosquito pools (1.26%) were shown to be positive in the residential zone of Bratislava. Setaria spp. DNA was not detected in mosquitoes within this study. CONCLUSIONS: The study presented herein represents initial research focused on molecular mosquito screening for filarioid parasites in urban and urban-fringe habitats of Bratislava, Slovakia. Molecular analyses within the Cx. pipiens complex identified two biotypes: Cx. pipiens biotype pipiens and Cx. pipiens biotype molestus. To our knowledge, Dirofilaria spp. were detected for the first time in Slovakia in mosquitoes other than Ae. vexans, i.e. D. repens in Anopheles messeae and unidentified members of An. maculipennis and Cx. pipiens complexes, and D. immitis in Coquillettidia richiardii and Cx. pipiens biotype pipiens. Both dirofilarial species were found in Och. sticticus. The suitable conditions for the vectors' biology would represent the main risk factor for dirofilariosis transmission.

• Klíčová slova
• Anopheles maculipennis complex, Culex pipiens complex, Dirofilaria, Mosquito-borne diseases, Xenomonitoring,
• MeSH
• Anopheles anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Culex anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Dirofilaria immitis genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Dirofilaria repens genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• dirofilarióza epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• komáří přenašeči anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• Setaria (Nematoda) genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• setariáza epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• urbanizace * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH

We report the distribution of mosquitoes of the maculipennis complex in two distinct areas of the Czech Republic (Bohemia and South Moravia) and in one locality of neighbouring Slovakia with emphasis on the detection of the newly described cryptic species Anopheles daciae (Linton, Nicolescu & Harbach, 2004). A total of 691 mosquitoes were analysed using a species-specific multiplex PCR assay to differentiate between the members of the maculipennis complex. In the Czech Republic, we found Anopheles maculipennis (with a prevalence rate of 1.4%), Anopheles messeae (49.0%) and Anopheles daciae (49.6%). In Slovakia, only An. messeae (52.1%) and An. daciae (47.9%) were detected. In this study, An. daciae was documented for the first time in the two countries where it represented a markedly higher proportion of maculipennis complex species (with an overall prevalence almost reaching 50%) in comparison to previous reports from Germany, Romania and Poland. The determination of the differential distribution of maculipennis complex species will contribute to assessing risks of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria or dirofilariasis.

• Klíčová slova
• Anopheles daciae, Anophelinae, Cryptic species, Maculipennis complex, Mosquitoes, Vector-borne diseases,
• MeSH
• Anopheles parazitologie   MeSH
• Culicidae parazitologie   MeSH
• dirofilarióza epidemiologie   parazitologie   přenos   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• hmyz - vektory parazitologie   MeSH
• malárie epidemiologie   parazitologie   přenos   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH

BACKGROUND: West Nile virus (WNV) is currently the most important mosquito-borne pathogen spreading in Europe. Data on overwintering of WNV in mosquitoes are crucial for understanding WNV circulation in Europe; nonetheless, such data were not available so far. RESULTS: A total of 28,287 hibernating mosquitoes [27,872 Culex pipiens, 73 Anopheles maculipennis (sensu lato), and 342 Culiseta annulata], caught in February or March between 2011 and 2017 in a WNV-endemic region of South Moravia, Czech Republic, were screened for the presence of WNV RNA. No WNV positive pools were found from 2011 to 2016, while lineage 2 WNV RNA was detected in three pools of Culex pipens mosquitoes collected in 2017 at two study sites. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of WNV RNA in overwintering mosquitoes in Europe. The data support the hypothesis of WNV persistence in mosquitoes throughout the winter season in Europe.

• Klíčová slova
• Anopheles maculipennis, Culex pipiens, Culiseta annulata, Czech Republic, Flavivirus, Hibernation, Overwintering, West Nile fever, West Nile virus,
• MeSH
• Culicidae virologie   MeSH
• hmyz - vektory virologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• virus západního Nilu genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• západonilská horečka epidemiologie   přenos   virologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

BACKGROUND: Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are a major public health threat in many countries worldwide. In Central Europe, West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV), both belonging to the Japanese encephalitis virus group (Flaviviridae) have emerged in the last decennium. Surveillance of mosquito vectors for arboviruses is a sensitive tool to evaluate virus circulation and consequently to estimate the public health risk. METHODS: Mosquitoes (Culicidae) were collected at South-Moravian (Czech Republic) fishponds between 2010 and 2014. A total of 61,770 female Culex modestus Ficalbi mosquitoes, pooled to 1,243 samples, were examined for flaviviruses by RT-PCR. RESULTS: One pool proved positive for USUV RNA. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that this Czech USUV strain is closely related to Austrian and other Central European strains of the virus. In addition, nine strains of WNV lineage 2 were detected in Cx. modestus collected in the same reed bed ecosystem. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first detection of USUV in Cx. modestus. The results indicate that USUV and WNV may co-circulate in a sylvatic cycle in the same habitat, characterised by the presence of water birds and Cx. modestus mosquitoes, serving as hosts and vectors, respectively, for both viruses.

• MeSH
• arboviry genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Culex virologie   MeSH
• Culicidae virologie   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• encefalitida přenášená členovci epidemiologie   MeSH
• epidemiologické monitorování MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hmyz - vektory virologie   MeSH
• infekce viry z rodu Flavivirus epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• ptáci MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• virus západního Nilu genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• viry japonské encefalitidy genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• západonilská horečka epidemiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH