A serine/threonine-specific protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt, is a key factor in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway that regulates cell survival, metabolism and proliferation. Akt phosphorylates many downstream specific substrates, which subsequently control the nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD), centrosome maturation, spindle assembly, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. In vertebrates, Akt is also an important player during oogenesis and preimplantation development. In the signaling pathways regulating mRNA translation, Akt is involved in the control of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and thereby regulates the activity of a translational repressor, the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). In this review, we summarize the functions of Akt in mitosis, meiosis and early embryonic development. Additionally, the role of Akt in the regulation of mRNA translation is addressed with respect to the significance of this process during early development.

• Keywords
• Akt kinase, early embryo, mRNA translation, mTORC1, meiosis, mitosis, oocyte, spindle,
• MeSH
• Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase metabolism   MeSH
• Embryonic Development MeSH
• Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases * metabolism   MeSH
• Phosphoproteins metabolism   MeSH
• Phosphorylation genetics   MeSH
• Oocytes metabolism   MeSH
• Oogenesis MeSH
• Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases metabolism   MeSH
• Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt * metabolism   MeSH
• Mammals metabolism   MeSH
• Signal Transduction MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase MeSH
• Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases * MeSH
• Phosphoproteins MeSH
• Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases MeSH
• Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt * MeSH

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential structure with biological activities. It has been shown that the ECM influences gene expression via cytoskeletal components and the gene expression is dependent upon cell interactions with molecules and hormones. The development of ovarian follicles is a hormone dependent process. The surge in the luteinizing hormone triggers ovulatory changes in oocyte microenvironment. In this review, we discuss how proteolytic cleavage affects formation of cumulus ECM following hormonal stimulation; in particular, how the specific proteasome inhibitor MG132 affects gonadotropin-induced cytoskeletal structure, the organization of cumulus ECM, steroidogenesis, and nuclear maturation. We found that after the inhibition of proteolytic cleavage, gonadotropin-stimulated oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCCs) were without any signs of cumulus expansion; they remained compact with preserved cytoskeletal F-actin-rich transzonal projections through the oocyte investments. Concomitantly, a significant decrease was detected in progesterone secretion and in the expression of gonadotropin-stimulated cumulus expansion-related transcripts, such as HAS2 and TNFAIP6. In agreement, the covalent binding between hyaluronan and the heavy chains of serum-derived the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, essential for the organization of cumulus ECM, was missing.

• Keywords
• extracellular matrix, hyaluronan, oocyte–cumulus complex, proteasome,
• MeSH
• Cellular Microenvironment physiology   MeSH
• Extracellular Matrix physiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Oocytes physiology   MeSH
• Ovarian Follicle physiology   MeSH
• Proteolysis MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

Fertilization of the mammalian oocyte requires interactions between spermatozoa and expanded cumulus extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds the oocyte. This review focuses on key molecules that play an important role in the formation of the cumulus ECM, generated by the oocyte-cumulus complex. In particular, the specific inhibitors (AG1478, lapatinib, indomethacin and MG132) and progesterone receptor antagonist (RU486) exerting their effects through the remodeling of the ECM of the cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte have been described. After gonadotropin stimulus, cumulus cells expand and form hyaluronan (HA)-rich cumulus ECM. In pigs, the proper structure of the cumulus ECM depends on the interaction between HA and serum-derived proteins of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) protein family. We have demonstrated the synthesis of HA by cumulus cells, and the presence of the IαI, tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 6 and pentraxin 3 in expanding oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCC). We have evaluated the covalent linkage of heavy chains of IαI proteins to HA, as the principal component of the expanded HA-rich cumulus ECM, in porcine OCC cultured in medium with specific inhibitors: AG1478 and lapatinib (both inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity); MG132 (a specific proteasomal inhibitor), indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor); and progesterone receptor antagonist (RU486). We have found that both RU486 and indomethacin does not disrupt the formation of the covalent linkage between the heavy chains of IαI to HA in the expanded OCC. In contrast, the inhibitors AG1478 and lapatinib prevent gonadotropin-induced cumulus expansion. Finally, the formation of oocyte-cumulus ECM relying on the covalent transfer of heavy chains of IαI molecules to HA has been inhibited in the presence of MG132.

• Keywords
• extracellular matrix, hyaluronan, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, oocyte-cumulus complexes, pentraxin 3, tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 6,
• MeSH
• C-Reactive Protein metabolism   MeSH
• Extracellular Matrix drug effects   metabolism   MeSH
• Cumulus Cells cytology   drug effects   metabolism   MeSH
• Hyaluronic Acid metabolism   MeSH
• Mifepristone pharmacology   MeSH
• Cell Adhesion Molecules metabolism   MeSH
• Oocytes cytology   metabolism   MeSH
• Reproduction drug effects   MeSH
• Serum Amyloid P-Component metabolism   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• C-Reactive Protein MeSH
• Hyaluronic Acid MeSH
• Mifepristone MeSH
• Cell Adhesion Molecules MeSH
• PTX3 protein MeSH Browser
• Serum Amyloid P-Component MeSH
• Tnfaip6 protein, mouse MeSH Browser