The escalating global water scarcity demands innovative solutions, one of which is hydroponic vegetable cultivation systems that increasingly use reclaimed wastewater. Nevertheless, even treated wastewater may still harbor various emerging organic contaminants, including pharmaceuticals. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the impact of pharmaceuticals, focusing on bioconcentration factors (BCFs), translocation factors (TFs), pharmaceutical persistence in aqueous environment, ecotoxicological end points, and associated environmental and health risks. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was cultivated hydroponically throughout its entire growth cycle, exposed to seven distinct concentration levels of contaminants ranging from 0 to 500 μg·L-1 over a 35-day period. The findings revealed a diverse range of BCFs (2.3 to 880 L·kg-1) and TFs (0.019-1.48), suggesting a high potential of pharmaceutical uptake and translocation by L. sativa. The degradation of 20 pharmaceuticals within the water-lettuce system followed first-order degradation kinetics. Substantial ecotoxicological effects on L. sativa were observed, including increased mortality, alterations in root morphology and length, and changes in biomass weight (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the estimated daily intake of pharmaceuticals through L. sativa consumption suggested considerable health risks, even if lettuce would be one of the many vegetables consumed. It is hypothetical, as the values were calculated. Moreover, this study assessed the environmental risk associated with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in aquatic environments, revealing a significantly high risk of AMR emergence. In conclusion, these findings emphasize the multifaceted challenges posed by pharmaceutical contamination in aquatic environments and the necessity of proactive measures to mitigate associated risks to both environmental and human health.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Pharmaceuticals released into the aquatic and soil environments can be absorbed by plants and soil organisms, potentially leading to the formation of unknown metabolites that may negatively affect these organisms or contaminate the food chain. The aim of this study was to identify pharmaceutical metabolites through a triplet approach for metabolite structure prediction (software-based predictions, literature review, and known common metabolic pathways), followed by generating in silico mass spectral libraries and applying various mass spectrometry modes for untargeted LC-qTOF analysis. Therefore, Eisenia fetida and Lactuca sativa were exposed to a pharmaceutical mixture (atenolol, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, ketoprofen, sulfametoxazole, tetracycline) under hydroponic and soil conditions at environmentally relevant concentrations. Samples collected at different time points were extracted using QuEChERS and analyzed with LC-qTOF in data-dependent (DDA) and data-independent (DIA) acquisition modes, applying both positive and negative electrospray ionization. The triplet approach for metabolite structure prediction yielded a total of 3762 pharmaceutical metabolites, and an in silico mass spectral library was created based on these predicted metabolites. This approach resulted in the identification of 26 statistically significant metabolites (p < 0.05), with DDA + and DDA - outperforming DIA modes by successfully detecting 56/67 sample type:metabolite combinations. Lettuce roots had the highest metabolite count (26), followed by leaves (6) and earthworms (2). Despite the lower metabolite count, earthworms showed the highest peak intensities, closely followed by roots, with leaves displaying the lowest intensities. Common metabolic reactions observed included hydroxylation, decarboxylation, acetylation, and glucosidation, with ketoprofen-related metabolites being the most prevalent, totaling 12 distinct metabolites. In conclusion, we developed a high-throughput workflow combining open-source software with LC-HRMS for identifying unknown metabolites across various sample types.

• Klíčová slova
• High-resolution mass spectrometry, In silico spectral library, Liquid chromatography, Metabolite identification in Eisenia fetida and Lactuca sativa, Pharmaceuticals, Software prediction,
• MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová metody   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie metody   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• léčivé přípravky metabolismus   chemie   analýza   MeSH
• Oligochaeta * metabolismus   chemie   MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• salát (hlávkový) * metabolismus   chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
• léčivé přípravky MeSH

The presence of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals (PhACs) in the environment poses potential risks. To comprehensively assess these risks, robust multiresidual analytical methods are essential for determining a broad spectrum of PhAC classes in various environmental compartments (soil, plants, and soil organisms). This study optimized extraction methods for analyzing over 40 PhACs from various matrices, including soil, lettuce, and earthworms. A four-step ultrasonic extraction method with varying extraction conditions and subsequent solid phase extraction was developed for soil samples. QuEChERS methods were optimized for extracting PhACs from lettuce and earthworm samples, addressing a literature gap in these less-studied matrices. The quantification of PhACs in soil, lettuce, and earthworm extracts was performed using a single LC-MS/MS method. Following thorough method validation, earthworms and lettuce were exposed to a mixture of 27 pharmaceuticals in a soil environment. The method validation results demonstrated the robustness of these methods for a broad spectrum of PhACs. Specifically, 29 out of 42 PhACs were extracted with an average efficiency > 50% and RSD < 30% from the soil; 40 out of 42 PhACs exhibited average efficiency > 50% and %RSD < 30% from the earthworms, while 39 out of 42 PhACs showed average efficiency > 50% and RSD < 30% from the lettuce. Exposure experiments confirmed the viability of these methods for quantifying a diverse range of PhACs in different environmental compartments. This study presents three thoroughly validated methods for determining more than 40 PhACs in diverse matrices, enabling a comprehensive assessment of PhAC dissemination in the environment.

• Klíčová slova
• Liquid chromatography, Mass spectrometry, Multiresidual analytical methods, Pharmaceutical pollution, QuEChERS, Solid-phase extraction,
• MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
• extrakce na pevné fázi MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu * analýza   MeSH
• léčivé přípravky analýza   MeSH
• Oligochaeta * MeSH
• půda * chemie   MeSH
• salát (hlávkový) * chemie   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
• léčivé přípravky MeSH
• půda * MeSH