As one of the most common mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) can contaminate a wide range of crops and foods. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is a kind of immunosuppressive virus, which can cause porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVD) in pig farms infected with PCV2. Pigs are extremely sensitive to DON, and PCV2-infected pig farms are often contaminated with DON. Our previous studies indicated that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 (B10) has the potential to alleviate the toxicity of mycotoxins. The research was aimed at investigating the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 on the immunosuppressive effects caused by both DON and PCV2 infection. The results indicated that the expression of the PCV2 capsid protein CAP was significantly decreased after pretreatment with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10. Then, the effects of the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 pretreatment on the type I interferon, antiviral protein and the antiviral signal pathway cGAS-STING was further investigated. The findings displayed that the expression of the type I interferon and antiviral protein were increased, while the IL-10 were decreased after pretreatment with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10. The inhibition of DON on the cGAS-STING signal pathway was relieved. Furthermore, it was found that this intervention effect was produced by inhibiting autophagy. In summary, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 can mitigate the immunosuppressive effects of PCV2 and DON by inhibiting the production of autophagy.

• Keywords
• Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10, autophagy, cGAS–STING, deoxynivalenol, porcine circovirus type 2,
• MeSH
• Antiviral Agents MeSH
• Bacillus amyloliquefaciens * MeSH
• Circovirus * MeSH
• Interferon Type I * MeSH
• Mycotoxins * MeSH
• Nucleotidyltransferases MeSH
• Swine MeSH
• Trichothecenes * MeSH
• Crops, Agricultural MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Antiviral Agents MeSH
• deoxynivalenol MeSH Browser
• Interferon Type I * MeSH
• Mycotoxins * MeSH
• Nucleotidyltransferases MeSH
• Trichothecenes * MeSH

• MeSH
• Hypoxia MeSH
• Drug Contamination MeSH
• Food Contamination analysis   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mycotoxins * toxicity   analysis   MeSH
• Cellular Senescence MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Editorial MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Mycotoxins * MeSH

Deoxynivalenol (DON), the most naturally-occurring trichothecenes, may affect animal and human health by causing vomiting as a hallmark of food poisoning. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) usually co-occurs with DON as its glucosylated form and is another emerging food safety issue in recent years. However, the toxicity of D3G is not fully understood compared to DON, especially in emetic potency. The goals of this research were to (1) compare emetic effects to D3G by oral and intraperitoneal (IP) routes and relate emetic effects to brain-gut peptides glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and substance P (SP) in mink; (2) determine the roles of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channel in D3G's emetic effect. Both oral and IP exposure to D3G elicited marked emetic events. This emetic response corresponded to an elevation of GIP and SP. Blocking the GIP receptor (GIPR) diminished emetic response induction by GIP and D3G. The neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R) inhibitor Emend® restrained the induction of emesis by SP and D3G. Importantly, CaSR antagonist NPS-2143 or TRP channel antagonist ruthenium red dose-dependently inhibited both D3G-induced emesis and brain-gut peptides GIP and SP release; cotreatment with both antagonists additively suppressed both emetic and brain-gut peptide responses to D3G. To summarize, our findings demonstrate that activation of CaSR and TRP channels contributes to D3G-induced emesis by mediating brain-gut peptide exocytosis in mink.

• Keywords
• brain-gut peptide, calcium-sensing receptor, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, emesis, transient receptor potential channel,
• MeSH
• Emetics * toxicity   MeSH
• Glucose MeSH
• Glucosides MeSH
• Mink MeSH
• Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone MeSH
• Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled MeSH
• Substance P MeSH
• Trichothecenes * chemistry   toxicity   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Vomiting chemically induced   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside MeSH Browser
• Emetics * MeSH
• gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor MeSH Browser
• Glucose MeSH
• Glucosides MeSH
• Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone MeSH
• Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled MeSH
• Substance P MeSH
• Trichothecenes * MeSH