Probiotic supplementation in childhood serves as an additional source of bacterial colonisers and represents an opportunity to beneficially manipulate the intestinal microbiome. Differences in the ability of probiotic strains to colonise the gut may be related to the variously diversified gut microbiome. We report the results of the association between composition of the gut microbiome and the colonisation capacity of the probiotic strain Escherichia coli A0 34/86 (CNB - Colinfant New Born supplement) in the cases of three healthy children in different development stages (infant, toddler, and pre-school), as a preliminary insight to possible future prospective studies of this subject. Microbiome composition was estimated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 55 stool samples collected during approximately 3.5-13 months long periods. Detailed characterisation of the E. coli population was performed using colony PCR to detect 33 E. coli genetic determinants. In all children, genetic determinants typical for the probiotic E. coli A0 34/86 strain were detected immediately after administration of the probiotics. Analysis of the initial sample composition (the last sample taken before the probiotic administration) showed that the gut microbiome of infant and toddler with lower bacterial diversity was more successfully colonised by the probiotic strain. In our case report of three children, we showed for the first that supplementation with CNB probiotics in early infancy and toddlerhood was associated with high E. coli A0 34/86 colonisation and a significant change in the composition of the gut microbiome. Our results indicate that administration of CNB for its recommended duration might be efficient only in very early childhood.

• MeSH
• Escherichia coli genetika   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• probiotika * MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

The mode of delivery plays a crucial role in infant gastrointestinal tract colonisation, which in the case of caesarean section is characterised by the presence of clostridia and low bifidobacterial counts. Gut colonisation can be modified by probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are infant prebiotics that show a bifidogenic effect. Moreover, genome sequencing of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis within the infant microbiome revealed adaptations for milk utilisation. This study aimed to evaluate the synbiotic effect of B. longum subsp. infantis, HMOs and human milk (HM) both in vitro and in vivo (in a humanised mouse model) in the presence of faecal microbiota from infants born by caesarean section. The combination of B. longum and HMOs or HM reduced the clostridia and G-bacteria counts both in vitro and in vivo. The bifidobacterial population in vitro significantly increased and produce high concentrations of acetate and lactate. In vitro competition assays confirmed that the tested bifidobacterial strain is a potential probiotic for infants and, together with HMOs or HM, acts as a synbiotic. It is also able to inhibit potentially pathogenic bacteria. The synbiotic effects identified in vitro were not observed in vivo. However, there was a significant reduction in clostridia counts in both experimental animal groups (HMOs + B. longum and HM + B. longum), and a specific immune response via increased interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 production. Animal models do not perfectly mimic human conditions; however, they are essential for testing the safety of functional foods.

• Klíčová slova
• bifidobacteria, cytokine, human milk, short chain fatty acids, synbiotics,
• MeSH
• acetáty metabolismus   MeSH
• Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis * MeSH
• císařský řez MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• gastrointestinální trakt mikrobiologie   MeSH
• interleukin-10 biosyntéza   MeSH
• interleukin-6 biosyntéza   MeSH
• laktáty metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mateřské mléko chemie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• oligosacharidy aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• prebiotika aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• probiotika aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra účinky léků   MeSH
• synbiotika aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetáty MeSH
• IL10 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• interleukin-10 MeSH
• interleukin-6, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• interleukin-6 MeSH
• laktáty MeSH
• oligosacharidy MeSH
• prebiotika MeSH

Probiotics are believed to prevent or reduce allergy development but the mechanism of their beneficial effect is still poorly understood. Immune characteristics of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in peripheral blood of perinatally probiotic-supplemented children of allergic mothers (51 children), non-supplemented children of allergic mothers (42 children), and non-supplemented children of healthy mothers (28 children) were compared at the age of 6-7 years. A first dose of a probiotic Escherichia coli strain (E. coli O83:K24:H31) was administered within 2 days after the birth and then 12 times during the first months of life and children were followed longitudinally. Proportion and functional properties of Tregs were estimated by flow cytometry in relation to the children's allergy status. Proportion of Tregs in the peripheral blood of children suffering from allergy tends to be higher whereas median of fluorescence intensity (MFI) of FoxP3 was significantly decreased in allergic group. Intracellular presence of regulatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 was also lower in allergic children. Immune functions of Tregs reflected by both MFI of FoxP3 and IL-10 in the group of probiotic-supplemented children of allergic mothers were nearly comparable with children of healthy mothers while probiotic non-supplemented children of allergic mothers have decreased immune function of Tregs. Supplementation by probiotic E. coli strain decreases allergy incidence in high-risk children. In contrast to our expectation, proportion of Tregs has not been increased in probiotic supplemented children. Beneficial effect of probiotics on newborn immature immune system could be, at least partially, explained by the modulating immune function of Tregs. In summary, we detected increased proportion of Tregs in peripheral blood of allergic children, their functional properties were decreased in comparison with the Tregs of healthy children. A unifying hypothesis for these findings is that Treg numbers in allergic children are increased in order to compensate for decreased function.

• Klíčová slova
• FoxP3, allergy, cytokine, flow cytometry, probiotic,
• MeSH
• alergie prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• cytokiny krev   imunologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• Escherichia coli * MeSH
• interleukin-10 krev   imunologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• probiotika aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• průtoková cytometrie MeSH
• regulační T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokiny MeSH
• IL10 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• interleukin-10 MeSH

At present, the genus Bifidobacterium includes 48 species and subspecies, and this number is expected to increase. Bifidobacteria are found in different ecological niches. However, most were originally isolated from animals, mainly mammals, especially during the milk feeding period of life. Their presence in high numbers is associated with good health of the host. Moreover, bifidobacteria are often found in poultry and insects that exhibit a social mode of life (honeybees and bumblebees). This review is designed as a summary of currently known species of the genus Bifidobacterium, especially focused on their difference and similarities. The primary focus is on their occurrence in the digestive tract of animals, as well as the specificities of animal strains, with regard to their potential use as probiotics.

• Klíčová slova
• animals, bifidobacteria, diversity, occurrence, probiotics,
• MeSH
• Bifidobacterium klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• drůbež MeSH
• gastrointestinální trakt mikrobiologie   MeSH
• hmyz MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Human milk is the gold standard for nourishment of early infants because it contains a number of bioactive components, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). The high concentration and structural diversity of HMOs are unique to humans. HMOs are a group of complex and diverse glycans that are resistant to gastrointestinal digestion and reach the infant colon as the first prebiotics. N-acetyl-glucosamine containing oligosaccharides were first identified 50 years ago as the 'bifidus factor', a selective growth substrate for intestinal bifidobacteria, thus providing a conceptual basis for HMO-specific bifidogenic activity. Bifidobacterial species are the main utilisers of HMOs in the gastrointestinal tract and represent the dominant microbiota of breast-fed infants, and they may play an important role in maintaining the general health of newborn children. Oligosaccharides are also known to directly interact with the surface of pathogenic bacteria, and various oligosaccharides in milk are believed to inhibit the binding of pathogens and toxins to host cell receptors. Furthermore, HMOs are thought to contribute to the development of infant intestine and brain. Oligosaccharides currently added to infant formula are structurally different from the oligosaccharides naturally occurring in human milk and, therefore, they are unlikely to mimic some of the structure-specific effects. In this review, we describe how HMOs can modulate gut microbiota. This article summarises information up to date about the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and HMOs, and other possible indirect effects of HMOs on intestinal environment.

• Klíčová slova
• anti-adhesive properties, human milk oligosaccharides, intestinal bacteria, sialic acid,
• MeSH
• acetylglukosamin farmakologie   MeSH
• antiinfekční látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Bifidobacterium MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kyselina N-acetylneuraminová farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mateřské mléko * MeSH
• mikrobiota účinky léků   MeSH
• mozek růst a vývoj   MeSH
• náhražky mateřského mléka farmakologie   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• oligosacharidy farmakologie   MeSH
• prebiotika MeSH
• střeva mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetylglukosamin MeSH
• antiinfekční látky MeSH
• kyselina N-acetylneuraminová MeSH
• oligosacharidy MeSH
• prebiotika MeSH