A macroporous carbon sorbent, packed into disposable columns (Separcol-Carb), was investigated for the off-line preconcentration of short-chain fatty acids from drinking water in conjunction with their determination by capillary isotachophoresis (ITP). Of the acids investigated (C1-C9), butyric acid and higher homologues could be enriched into a high degree from samples of drinking water. Their detection limits from the ITP conductivity detector were in the low parts per 10(9) range when an amount equivalent to 8 ml of the sample was taken for analysis. The lowest homologues (C1-C3) were not adsorbed sufficiently to achieve their reasonable enrichment by the sorbent under the working conditions employed (acidification of the sample to pH 2.0). Acetone and diethyl ether were employed for the elution of the adsorbed analytes. The latter was more convenient in the analysis of practical samples as it co-eluted a considerably smaller number of the adsorbed anionic constituents. Octadecyl-bonded silica, evaluated in parallel, was found to be of only very limited utility for the same purpose.

• MeSH
• elektroforéza MeSH
• kyseliny mastné těkavé analýza   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny MeSH
• voda analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kyseliny mastné těkavé MeSH
• mastné kyseliny MeSH
• voda MeSH

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Short chain fatty acid (SCFAs) are bacterially derived metabolites suggested to have protective roles against colorectal cancer (CRC) development. However, there is sparse evidence from epidemiological studies in this context. Here, we assessed whether circulating SCFA concentrations varied in patients with colorectal adenomas (CRA) and CRC. METHODS: Levels of seven SCFAs were extracted from plasma samples and determined by gas chromatography for 213 individuals from Ireland and the Czech Republic (CRC, n = 84; CRA, n = 66; controls, n = 63). RESULTS: In the Irish CRA/CRC cohort, only levels of 2-MethylButyric acid were significantly higher in cancers compared to the adenoma and control groups (p-values = 0.016 and 0.043). Using regression analysis, we observed that levels of Acetic and Propionic acid were associated with an increased CRC risk in the Czech cohort (Odd Ratio (OR): 1.02; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.00-1.03; OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.05-1.59, respectively), while i-Valeric and Valeric acid levels were associated with a decreased cancer risk (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86-0.99; OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.44-1.00). In the Irish cohort, levels of SCFAs were not associated with CRC risk. CONCLUSIONS: The association with colorectal neoplasia varied between the studied SCFAs. Future studies need to confirm these findings and address the mechanism of how these acids may promote or prevent colorectal carcinogenesis.

• Klíčová slova
• Colorectal cancer, Colorectal neoplasms, Gut barrier integrity, Microbiome, Short chain fatty acids,
• MeSH
• adenom * epidemiologie   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• kolorektální nádory * epidemiologie   MeSH
• kyseliny mastné těkavé MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kyseliny mastné těkavé MeSH

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolites produced by bacterial fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract. They can be seen as the major flow of carbon from the diet, through the microbiome to the host. SCFAs have been reported as important molecules responsible for the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. Moreover, these molecules have a significant impact on the immune system and are able to affect inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes type II, or oncological diseases. For this purpose, SCFAs could be used as putative biomarkers of various diseases, including cancer. A potential diagnostic value may be offered by analyzing SCFAs with the use of advanced analytical approaches such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), or capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). The presented review summarizes the importance of analyzing SCFAs from clinical and analytical perspective. Current advances in the analysis of SCFAs focused on sample pretreatment, separation strategy, and detection methods are highlighted. Additionally, it also shows potential areas for the development of future diagnostic tools in oncology and other varieties of diseases based on targeted metabolite profiling.

• Klíčová slova
• biomarker, cancer, capillary electrophoresis, chromatography, mass spectrometry, separation methods, short-chain fatty acids,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Zearalenone (ZEA) as an estrogen-like mycotoxin can cause the inflammatory injury of the cecum. How to reduce the harm that ZEA causes to humans and animals is a current concern for researchers. In this study, we aimed to ascertain whether Bacillus velezensis A2 (A2) could alleviate injury caused by ZEA by regulating the intestinal flora and the content of short chain fatty acids in the cecum among mice. Our results showed that Bacillus velezensis A2 improved the fold height, myometrial thickness, and crypt depth of the cecum induced by ZEA. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting results showed that A2 could decrease the ZEA-induced increase in expression levels of IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and FC. Studies also showed that A2 increased the content of SCFA in the cecum which was decreased by ZEA. The microbial communities in the cecum were changed when given ZEA or A2. A2 was found to greatly reduce the ZEN-induced increase in the relative abundance of p_Actinobacteria, p_Protebacteria, o_Coriobacteriales, g_Anaerotruncus, g_Pseudoflavonifractor, g_Lachnoclostridium, g_Enterorhabdus, and f_Oscillospiraceae, and increase the ZEN-induced decrease in the relative abundance of f_Coriobacteriales. Results indicated that Bacillus velezensis A2 can largely ameliorate the intestinal inflammatory injury induced by ZEA in mice by regulating the microflora and short chain fatty acids content.

• Klíčová slova
• Bacillus velezensis A2, inflammatory, intestinal flora, short-chain fatty acid, zearalenone,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was used to identify unusual medium-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the snow alga Chloromonas brevispina collected in 2006 from surface layers of a snow field with conspicuous green patches in Bohemian Forest (Czech Republic). PUFAs formed more than 75% total fatty acids. Among them, mass spectroscopy of picolinyl esters showed sizable proportions of medium-chain PUFA, e.g., 5,8,11-tetradecatrienoic and 6,9,12-pentadecatrienoic acids. The high relative content of PUFA indicates that PUFA are an important element ensuring cell survival. Our report appears to be the first to describe the presence of short- and medium-chain PUFAs in green psychrophilic algae of the genus Chloromonas.

• MeSH
• Chlorophyta chemie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• nenasycené mastné kyseliny analýza   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
• sníh mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nenasycené mastné kyseliny MeSH

Short-term weight-reducing regimens were shown to influence fatty acid composition of serum lipids unfavorably. Adding long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFA) to a low-calorie diet (LCD) could avoid these changes. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a short-term in-patient weight-reducing regimen including LCD with yogurt enriched by low doses of n-3 PUFA (n-3 LCD). The enriched yogurt contained 790 mg of fish oil, predominantly eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3; DHA). Forty obese women were randomly assigned to the group consuming LCD and joghurt either with or without n-3 enrichment. Following the 3-week diet in the n-3 LCD group a significantly higher increase in the proportion of n-3 LC PUFA (sum of n-3 FA, EPA and DHA) in serum lipids was confirmed. In phospholipids (PL) a significant difference in the sum of n-6 fatty acids was found, a decrease in the n-3 LCD group and an increase in LCD group. Significantly higher increase in the PL palmitate (16:0) was shown in the LCD group. The results suggest that low doses of n-3 fatty acid enrichment can help to avoid unfavorable changes in fatty acid composition in serum lipids after a short-term weight-reducing regimen.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• energetický příjem fyziologie   MeSH
• hmotnostní úbytek fyziologie   MeSH
• jogurt * MeSH
• kyseliny mastné omega-3 krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mastné kyseliny krev   MeSH
• obezita dietoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• redukční dieta metody   MeSH
• rybí oleje aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kyseliny mastné omega-3 MeSH
• mastné kyseliny MeSH
• rybí oleje MeSH

Nanobubble water promotes the degradation of difficult-to-degrade organic matter, improves the activity of electron transfer systems during anaerobic digestion, and optimizes the composition of anaerobic microbial communities. Therefore, this study proposes the use of nanobubble water to improve the yield of medium chain carboxylic acids produced from cow manure by chain elongation. The experiment was divided into two stages: the first stage involved the acidification of cow manure to produce volatile acidic fatty acids as electron acceptors, and the second phase involved the addition of lactic acid as an electron donor for the chain elongation. Three experimental groups were established, and air, H2, and N2 nanobubble water were added in the second stage. Equal amounts of deionized water were added in the control group. The results showed that nanobubble water supplemented with air significantly increased the caproic acid concentration to 15.10 g/L, which was 55.03 % greater than that of the control group. The relative abundances of Bacillus and Caproiciproducens, which are involved in chain elongation, and Syntrophomonas, which is involved in electron transfer, increased. The unique ability of air nanobubble water supplemented to break down the cellulose matrix resulted in further decomposition of the recalcitrant material in cow manure. This effect subsequently increased the number of microorganisms associated with lignocellulose degradation, increasing carbohydrate metabolism and ATP-binding cassette transporter protein activity and enhancing fatty acid cycling pathways during chain elongation. Ultimately, this approach enabled the efficient production of medium chain carboxylic acids.

• Klíčová slova
• Anaerobic digestion, Chain elongation, Electron transport, Fatty acid cycle pathway, Nanobubble water,
• MeSH
• anaerobióza MeSH
• biodegradace * MeSH
• Clostridiales MeSH
• dusík chemie   MeSH
• hnůj * MeSH
• kyseliny karboxylové chemie   MeSH
• kyseliny mastné těkavé chemie   MeSH
• nanostruktury MeSH
• skot MeSH
• transport elektronů MeSH
• voda chemie   MeSH
• vodík chemie   MeSH
• vzduch MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dusík MeSH
• hnůj * MeSH
• kyseliny karboxylové MeSH
• kyseliny mastné těkavé MeSH
• lignocellulose MeSH Prohlížeč
• voda MeSH
• vodík MeSH

Anaerobic co-fermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS) and henna plant biomass (HPB) for the enhanced production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) was investigated. The results indicated that VFAs was the main constituents of the released organics; the accumulation of VFAs was much higher than that of soluble carbohydrates and proteins. HPB was an advantageous substrate compared to WAS for VFAs production; and the maximum VFAs concentration in an HPB mono-fermentation system was about 2.6-fold that in a WAS mono-fermentation system. In co-fermentation systems, VFAs accumulation was positively related to the proportion of HPB in the mixed substrate, and the accumulated VFAs concentrations doubled when HPB was increased from 25% to 75%. HPB not only adjust the C/N ratio; the associated and/or released lawsone might also have a positive electron-shuttling effect on VFAs production.

• Klíčová slova
• Co-fermentation, Henna plant biomass, Lawsone, Volatile fatty acids, Waste activated sludge,
• MeSH
• anaerobióza MeSH
• bioreaktory MeSH
• fermentace fyziologie   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• kyseliny mastné těkavé metabolismus   MeSH
• Lawsonia (rostlina) chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• odpadní vody * chemie   MeSH
• proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• sacharidy chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kyseliny mastné těkavé MeSH
• odpadní vody * MeSH
• proteiny MeSH
• sacharidy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Although fatty acids have a beneficial effect on yeast growth during fermentation, their effect on foam and sensory stability of beer is negative. In general, long-chain fatty acids originate from raw materials, whereas short-chain acids are produced by yeast during fermentation. If the concentration of short-chain fatty acids, especially isovaleric and butyric acid, overreaches a sensory threshold, then an unpleasant aroma, such as cheesy or sweaty feet, can be formed in beer. RESULTS: The distribution of fatty acids, from the preparation of sweet wort to the final beer, was studied using chemometric evaluation. Differences were observed between the decoction and infusion system using four barley varieties. Attention was paid to the behavior of short-chain fatty acids, namely isovaleric acid. The concentration of isovaleric acid in commercial beers brewed in infusion and decoction systems was approximately 1.4 and 1.0 mg L-1 , respectively. The same trend was observed in experimental samples (1.3 and 0.5 mg L-1 , respectively). This phenomenon was confirmed experimentally; based on the results, this possibly explains why, during the fermentation, isovaleric acid is coupled with the redox state of yeast cell, which is given by the wort composition (i.e. by the mashing process). CONCLUSION: The formation of isovaleric acid is not only caused by microbiology infection or by oxidized hops, but also is influenced by the mashing process. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

• Klíčová slova
• chemical profiling, fatty acids, isovaleric acid, mashing,
• MeSH
• chuť MeSH
• fermentace MeSH
• Humulus chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• ječmen (rod) chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• manipulace s potravinami MeSH
• mastné kyseliny chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• pivo analýza   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mastné kyseliny MeSH

The volatile fatty acid profiles were determined by a simple gas chromatographic method in 375 microbiologically positive and negative blood cultures. Aerobic bacteria yielded profiles with low content of acids, some of which were chromatographically negative. Anaerobic bacteria produced more acids and more distinctive profiles. The method makes it possible to confirm the microbiological findings and to select the blood cultures containing anaerobic bacteria within 30 minutes.

• MeSH
• aerobní bakterie růst a vývoj   MeSH
• anaerobní bakterie růst a vývoj   MeSH
• bakteriální infekce diagnóza   MeSH
• chromatografie plynová metody   MeSH
• krev * MeSH
• kultivační média analýza   MeSH
• kyseliny mastné těkavé analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kultivační média MeSH
• kyseliny mastné těkavé MeSH