Human face is a dynamic system where facial expressions can rapidly modify geometry of facial features. Facial expressions are believed to be universal across world populations, but only a few studies have explored whether grimacing is sexually dimorphic and if so to what extent. The present paper explores inter- and intra-individual variation of human facial expressions with respect to individual's sex based on a set of neutral and expression-varying 3D facial scans. The study sample composed of 20 individuals (10 males and 10 females) for whom 120 scans featuring grimaces associated with disgust, surprise, "u" sound, smile and wide smile were collected by an optical scanner Vectra XT. In order to quantify the dissimilarity among 3D images, surface comparison approach based on aligned 3D meshes and closest point-to-point distances was carried out in Fidentis Analyst application. The study revealed that sexual dimorphism was indeed one of the factors which determined the extent and characteristics of facial deformations recorded for the studied expressions. In order to produce a grimace, males showed a tendency towards extending their facial movements while females were generally more restrained. Furthermore, the facial movements linked to the wide smile and "u" sound were revealed as the most extensive relative to the other expressions, while the smile and surprise were shown indistinguishable from the neutral face.

• Klíčová slova
• FIDENTIS, Facial mimicry, Facial variability, Grimaces, Stereophotogrammetry,
• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• anatomické modely MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• obličej anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• usmívání se MeSH
• výraz obličeje * MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Three-dimensional (3D) sonography is the next logical step in diagnostic ultrasound examination. The true value of 3D ultrasonography, however, becomes evident only if 3D structures can be assessed without preconceptions ensuing from 2D interpretations. 3D ultrasonography can greatly improve our understanding of locomotor apparatus anatomy and pathology. The authors used spatial analysis to evaluate the data obtained by examination of patients with orthopedic diagnoses. The Voluson 530 MT and SONOReal system were used for examination. The Voluson permits a choice of either a 2D or a 3D imaging program for musculoskeletal system examination. The SONOReal, owing to a positional sensor of the probe, can be attached to any ultrasound transducer. In the period from 1990 to 2004, a total of 19 000 patients were examined by ultrasonography and, in 6 500 of them, the diagnosis was verified by another method, which showed a 99 % reliability of ultrasound examination. In 350 patients 2D imaging was followed by 3D examination; in 53 of them, 3D coronal and multiplanar imaging made the diagnosis based on 2D imaging more accurate and, in 12 patients, it provided new information on the patient's diagnosis. 3D reconstructions were made in 101 patients, of these 40 had been examined by other imaging methods (magnetic resonance, computer-assisted tomography) or arthroscopy. The results of examination showed a 100% correlation. Spatial reconstruction is based on the volume rendering method. This is an extension of the planar reconstruction method. Additional image processing techniques are used for a region of interest within a 3D volume data set. 3D ultrasound revealed a spatial relationship between lesions and their surfaces. The surface mode requires that the interface between tissues with different acoustic impedances should be a start line of 3D rendering. The acoustic threshold is a condition that restricts imaging circumstances in which surface rendering will be successful. Exploring 3D reconstructions with power Doppler scanning, which is more sensitive for tracking vessels, is a unique technique that can hardly be compared with any other imaging modality. 3D-volume imaging gives the examiner freedom to generate anatomical views from an infinite number of perspectives and allows us to explore anatomic relationships in the ways not available in any conventional 2D imaging. A spatial reconstruction presents a nearly perfect anatomical model. The possibility of storing volume data is considered a further progressive trend. It greatly contributes to enhancement of the scope of follow-up examinations, permits comparisons of expert conclusions and can serve educational purposes. The digital technology offers various networking solutions and plays a role in the development of 3D telemedicine. Although the diagnostic efficacy of 3D imaging is not greatly enhanced when compared with a 2D examination done by a well-trained specialist, the features of coronary sections and spatial reconstructions represent great progress of this imaging technology.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• muskuloskeletální systém diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• ultrasonografie MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The 3D imaging technologies have become of paramount importance for example in disciplines such as forensic anthropology and bioarchaeology, where they are being used more and more frequently. There are several new possibilities that they offer; for instance, the easier and faster sharing of data among institutions, the possibility of permanent documentation, or new opportunities of data analysis. An important requirement, however, is whether the data obtained from different scanning devices are comparable and whether the possible varying outputs could affect further analyses, such as the estimation of the biological profile. Therefore, we aimed to investigate two important questions: (1) whether 3D models acquired by two different scanning technologies (structured light and laser) are comparable and (2) whether the scanning equipment has an effect on the anthropological analyses, such as age-at-death estimation and sex assessment. 3D models of ossa coxa (n = 29) were acquired by laser (NextEngine) and structured light (HP 3D Structured Light Scanner PRO 2) scanners. The resulting 3D models from both scanners were subjected to age-at-death analyses (via the quantitative method of Stoyanova et al., 2017) and sex analyses (via Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste 2 of Brůžek et al., 2017). Furthermore, high quality scans of a small sample (n = 5) of pubic symphyseal surfaces with the RedLux Profiler device were acquired as reference surfaces to which the outputs from both scanners were compared. Small deviations between surfaces were more evident in more rugged surfaces (in areas of depression and protrusion). Even though small differences from the reference surfaces were found, they did not have a significant effect on the age and sex estimates. It never resulted in the opposite sex assignment, and no significant differences were observed between age estimates (with the exception of those with the TPS/BE model).

• Klíčová slova
• Age and sex estimation, Biological profile, Laser scanning, Os coxae, RedLux profiler, Structured light technology,
• MeSH
• lasery * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odchylka pozorovatele MeSH
• pánevní kosti diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• počítačová simulace * MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• soudní antropologie MeSH
• určení kostního věku * MeSH
• určení pohlaví podle kostry * MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This work presents an automated data-mining model for age-at-death estimation based on 3D scans of the auricular surface of the pelvic bone. The study is based on a multi-population sample of 688 individuals (males and females) originating from one Asian and five European identified osteological collections. Our method requires no expert knowledge and achieves similar accuracy compared to traditional subjective methods. Apart from data acquisition, the whole procedure of pre-processing, feature extraction and age estimation is fully automated and implemented as a computer program. This program is a part of a freely available web-based software tool called CoxAGE3D. This software tool is available at https://coxage3d.fit.cvut.cz/ Our age-at-death estimation method is suitable for use on individuals with known/unknown population affinity and provides moderate correlation between the estimated age and actual age (Pearson's correlation coefficient is 0.56), and a mean absolute error of 12.4 years.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D surface analysis, Adult age-at-death estimation, Auricular surface, Automated analysis, Data mining methods,
• MeSH
• data mining MeSH
• faciální stigmatizace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obličej MeSH
• pánevní kosti * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• software MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between nasolabial symmetry and esthetics in subjects with orofacial clefts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty-four subjects (mean age 10 years, standard deviation 1.5) with various types of nonsyndromic clefts were included: 11 had unilateral cleft lip (UCL); 30 had unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (UCLA); and 43 had unilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and palate (UCLAP). A 3D stereophotogrammetric image of the face was taken for each subject. Symmetry and esthetics were evaluated on cropped 3D facial images. The degree of asymmetry of the nasolabial area was calculated based on all 3D data points using a surface registration algorithm. Esthetic ratings of various elements of nasal morphology were performed by eight lay raters on a 100 mm visual analog scale. Statistical analysis included ANOVA tests and regression models. RESULTS: Nasolabial asymmetry increased with growing severity of the cleft (p = 0.029). Overall, nasolabial appearance was affected by nasolabial asymmetry; subjects with more nasolabial asymmetry were judged as having a less esthetically pleasing nasolabial area (p < 0.001). However, the relationship between nasolabial symmetry and esthetics was relatively weak in subjects with UCLAP, in whom only vermilion border esthetics was associated with asymmetry. CONCLUSIONS: Nasolabial symmetry assessed with 3D facial imaging can be used as an objective measure of treatment outcome in subjects with less severe cleft deformity. In subjects with more severe cleft types, other factors may play a decisive role. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Assessment of nasolabial symmetry is a useful measure of treatment success in less severe cleft types.

• Klíčová slova
• Cleft lip, Cleft palate, Esthetics, Face, Imaging, Morphology, Three dimensional,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rozštěp patra patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• rozštěp rtu patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Despite the significance of neck muscles in musculoskeletal disorders, their microscopic anatomy remains poorly characterized. This study examined the splenius capitis muscle, focusing on its fiber-type composition, fiber size, and capillary network characteristics. For comparison and validation, the vastus lateralis muscle was also analyzed. Muscle samples from 13 young male subjects (mean age ± SD: 35.7 ± 8.6 years) were collected within 24-h post-mortem during autopsy. Myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression was characterized immunohistochemically in 10 μm sections, while the capillary network architecture was assessed in 100 μm sections. Immunofluorescence staining, confocal microscopy, and 3D image analysis were employed to quantify capillary tortuosity, anisotropy, branch density (Br dens), and the length of capillaries per muscle volume (LV), per muscle fiber length (LL), per fiber surface area (LS), and per fiber volume (LVf). Compared to the vastus lateralis muscle, the splenius capitis muscle had a higher percentage of type 1 fibers (51.2% vs 39.7%), fewer type 2a fibers (16.2% vs 31.4%), and smaller fiber diameters (35.5-40.9 μm vs 47-56.1 μm). It also displayed lower Br dens (P = 0.0069), higher anisotropy (P = 0.0004), and lower LL (P < 0.0001) but higher LVf (P = 0.0486). In the splenius capitis muscle, body mass index (BMI) negatively correlated with LV (P = 0.0155), LS (P = 0.0091), LVf (P = 0.0137), and anisotropy (P = 0.0425), and positively correlated with tortuosity (P = 0.0473), indicating a reduction in the capillary network. In the vastus lateralis muscle, only LV (P = 0.0161) decreased with high BMI. This study characterized the fiber-type composition, fiber size, and 3D capillary network of the splenius capitis muscle, establishing a baseline for investigations into pathological muscle alterations.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kapiláry * metabolismus   MeSH
• kosterní svalová vlákna * metabolismus   MeSH
• krční svaly * krevní zásobení   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těžké řetězce myosinu metabolismus   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• těžké řetězce myosinu MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Age-at-death estimation is usually done manually by experts. As such, manual estimation is subjective and greatly depends on the past experience and proficiency of the expert. This becomes even more critical if experts need to evaluate individuals with unknown population affinity or with affinity that they are not familiar with. The purpose of this study is to design a novel age-at-death estimation method allowing for automatic evaluation on computers, thus eliminating the human factor. METHODS: We used a traditional machine-learning approach with explicit feature extraction. First, we identified and described the features that are relevant for age-at-death estimation. Then, we created a multi-linear regression model combining these features. Finally, we analysed the model performance in terms of Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Bias Error (MBE), Slope of Residuals (SoR) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). RESULTS: The main result of this study is a population-independent method of estimating an individual's age-at-death using the acetabulum of the pelvis. Apart from data acquisition, the whole procedure of pre-processing, feature extraction and age estimation is fully automated and implemented as a computer program. This program is a part of a freely available web-based software tool called CoxAGE3D, which is available at https://coxage3d.fit.cvut.cz/. Based on our dataset, the MAE of the presented method is about 10.7 years. In addition, five population-specific models for Thai, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Greek and Swiss populations are also given. The MAEs for these populations are 9.6, 9.8, 10.8, 10.5 and 9.2 years, respectively. Our age-at-death estimation method is suitable for individuals with unknown population affinity and provides acceptable accuracy. The age estimation error cannot be completely eliminated, because it is a consequence of the variability of the ageing process of different individuals not only across different populations but also within a certain population.

• Klíčová slova
• Acetabulum, Adult age-at-death estimation, Automated feature extraction, Machine-learning, Multi-linear regression, Three-dimensional surface analysis,
• MeSH
• acetabulum * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• software * MeSH
• soudní antropologie * metody   MeSH
• strojové učení * MeSH
• určení kostního věku * metody   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Dealing with the increasing number of long-term missing children and juveniles requires more precise and objective age progression techniques for the prediction of their current appearance. Our contribution includes detailed and real facial growth information used for modelling age progression during adolescence. This study was based on an evaluation of the overall 180 three-dimensional (3D) facial scans of Czech children (23 boys, 22 girls), which were longitudinally studied from 12 to 15 years of age and thus revealed the real growth-related changes. The boys underwent more marked changes compared with the girls, especially in the regions of the eyebrow ridges, nose and chin. Using modern geometric morphometric methods, together with their applications, we modelled the ageing and allometric trajectories for both sexes and simulated the age-progressed effects on facial scans. The facial parts that are important for facial recognition (eyes, nose, mouth and chin) all deviated less than 0.75mm, whereas the areas with the largest deviations were situated on the marginal parts of the face. The mean error between the predicted and real facial morphology obtained by modelling the children from 12 to 15 years of age was 1.92mm in girls and 1.86mm in boys. This study is beneficial for forensic artists as it reduces the subjectivity of age progression methods.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D imaging, Age-progression, Facial growth, Forensic anthropology population data, Longitudinal study,
• MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• maxilofaciální vývoj * MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• počítačová simulace * MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• soudní antropologie MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The age-at-death estimation thresholds have recently been shifted towards a more objective assessment of the aging process. Such a non-subjective approach offers quantitative methods of age estimation; for instance, the method relating to the surfaces of pubic symphyses of males published by Stoyanova et al. (J Forensic Sci 62:1434-1444, 2017). A validation study was conducted to test the method performance in European samples. The sample consisted of 96 meshes of pubic symphyses of male individuals (known sex and age) that came from four different samples (two Portuguese collections, one Swiss, and one Crete). Stoyanova's method based on five regression models (three univariate and two multivariate models) performed worse in our sample, but only when the whole sample (without age limitation) was included. A sample limited to individuals under 40 years of age achieved better results in our study. The best results were reached through the thin plate spline algorithm (TPS/BE) with a root mean square error of 5.93 years and inaccuracy of 4.47 years. Generally, the multivariate regression models did not contribute to better age estimation. In our sample in all age categories, age was systematically underestimated. The quantitative method tested in this study works best for individuals under 40 years of age and provides a suitable basis for further research.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D model, Age-at-death, Pubic symphysis, Quantitative analysis, Structured light scanning,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• soudní antropologie MeSH
• symphysis pubica anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• určení kostního věku metody   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• validační studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

In this work we provide a theoretical analysis of gradient deflectometric method for 3D topography measurements of optically smooth surfaces. It is shown that the surface reconstruction problem leads to a nonlinear partial differential equation. A shape of a surface can be calculated by solution of a derived equation. An advantage of the presented method is a noncontact character and no need for a reference surface.

• MeSH
• fotometrie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• povrchové vlastnosti * MeSH
• testování materiálů metody   MeSH
• vyrobené materiály analýza   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH