AIMS: Sub-analysis of a retrospective nation-wide observational analysis of heart failure (HF) epidemiology reported to the Czech National Registry of Reimbursed Health Services between 2012 and 2018 aimed at angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists (ARB) and angiotensin receptor blocker/neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) use. METHODS AND RESULTS: ACEi and ARBs were generally used in 87.6% of all HF patients in 2012 (n=154 627); 84.5% in 2013 (n=170 861); 83.5% in 2014 (n=186 963); 81.6% in 2015 (n=198 844); 80.1% in 2016 (n=205 793); 78.0% in 2017 (n=212 152) and in 76.7% in 2018 (n=219 235). In a sub-analysis of patients with a medical procedure and/or examination using an I50.x ICD code accounted for in the given year, ACEi and ARBs were generally used in 99.3% in 2012 (n=63 250); 96% in 2013 (n=62 241); 95.2% in 2014 (n=64 414); 93.3% in 2015 (n=65 217); 91.8% in 2016 (n=65 236); 90.1% in 2017 (n=65 761) and in 88.6% in 2018 (n=66 332). In 2018, the majority of patients with HF were prescribed ramipril (n=49 909; 17.5%) and perindopril (n=44 332; 15.5%). The mostly prescribed ARBs in 2018 were telmisartan (n=18 669; 6.5%); losartan (n=13 935; 4.9%) and valsartan (n=4 849; 1.7%). In 24.5% of cases, ACEIs and ARBs were prescribed in a fixed combination with another drug. ARNI became gradually more prescribed from 2018 (n=9 659 in November 2020). CONCLUSION: In an analysis of ACEIs, ARBs and ARNIs utilization in all patients treated for heart failure in the given year in the whole country, we found a comparable rate of drug prescription in comparison with specific heart failure registries. This indicates a good translation of current standard of care into common clinical practice. Ramipril and perindopril remained the mostly prescribed ACEIs and telmisartan became the mostly prescribed ARB. Since 2018, ARNIs began to be widely prescribed.

• Klíčová slova
• Czech Republic, European Union, angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, heart failure, sacubitril/valsartan,
• MeSH
• angiotensiny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• antagonisté receptorů pro angiotenzin * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• antihypertenziva MeSH
• inhibitory ACE terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• losartan terapeutické užití   MeSH
• neprilysin terapeutické užití   MeSH
• perindopril terapeutické užití   MeSH
• ramipril terapeutické užití   MeSH
• receptor typu 2 angiotensinu II - blokátory terapeutické užití   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• srdeční selhání * farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• telmisartan terapeutické užití   MeSH
• valsartan terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• angiotensiny MeSH
• antagonisté receptorů pro angiotenzin * MeSH
• antihypertenziva MeSH
• inhibitory ACE MeSH
• losartan MeSH
• neprilysin MeSH
• perindopril MeSH
• ramipril MeSH
• receptor typu 2 angiotensinu II - blokátory MeSH
• telmisartan MeSH
• valsartan MeSH

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) has higher antiproteinuric effects than single blockade in adults. In children, little is known on dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system. The study investigates whether adding an ARB to proteinuric children already on ACEI reduces proteinuria. METHODS: A total of 10 children (median age 13.3 years) with chronic kidney disease and persistent proteinuria despite maximal dose of ACEI were included. Losartan was given at an initial dose 0.8 mg/kg/day. Proteinuria, blood pressure (BP) and renal function (glomerular filtration rate) were measured. RESULTS: Mean proteinuria decreased from 484 +/- 290 mg/mmol creatinine to 223 +/- 197 after 1-3 months of losartan treatment and remained stable at 234 +/- 153, 224 +/- 177 and 195 +/- 133 after 3-6, 6-12 months and at the last follow-up check (median 1.9 years, p < 0.05 for all visits vs. before treatment). The median percentage decrease in proteinuria was 66, 56, 44 and 66% during the study periods. No significant change in BP, glomerular filtration rate or serum potassium was observed. One child complained of rash, which led to discontinuation of losartan. CONCLUSION: Adding an ARB to current ACEI treatment can further reduce proteinuria in children with chronic kidney disease without affecting BP.

• MeSH
• blokátory receptoru 1 pro angiotenzin II škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• chronické selhání ledvin farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• draslík krev   MeSH
• hodnoty glomerulární filtrace fyziologie   MeSH
• inhibitory ACE škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kombinovaná farmakoterapie MeSH
• kreatinin krev   MeSH
• krevní obraz MeSH
• krevní tlak účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• losartan terapeutické užití   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• proteinurie farmakoterapie   MeSH
• vyšetření funkce ledvin MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• blokátory receptoru 1 pro angiotenzin II MeSH
• draslík MeSH
• inhibitory ACE MeSH
• kreatinin MeSH
• losartan MeSH

An 83-year-old woman with hypertension received the angiotensin-II receptor type 1 blocker (ARB) eprosartan for more than 10 years. Six months ago, the dosage of the drug was doubled, and the patient reported a sudden onset of diarrhea. Duodenal biopsies showed a celiac disease-like pathology with flattened mucosa and an increase of intraepithelial lymphocytes and eosinophils, but serology of celiac disease remained negative. Celiac disease-like changes have been previously reported to be associated with other ARBs. This is the first case following eprosartan medication. In celiac-disease-like pathology of the small bowel with negative serology, drug-induced changes, for example due to ARBs, should be excluded.

• Klíčová slova
• celiac disease - negative serology - ARB - eprosartan.,
• MeSH
• akryláty škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• antihypertenziva škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• blokátory receptoru 1 pro angiotenzin II škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• celiakie chemicky indukované   MeSH
• hypertenze farmakoterapie   MeSH
• imidazoly škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• thiofeny škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• akryláty MeSH
• antihypertenziva MeSH
• blokátory receptoru 1 pro angiotenzin II MeSH
• eprosartan MeSH Prohlížeč
• imidazoly MeSH
• thiofeny MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The CORD trials tested ramipril and losartan in patients with hypertension. PATIENTS AND METHODS: CORD IA involving switching from an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) to the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) losartan. 4,016 patients with blood pressure (BP) < 160/100 mm Hg who had been treated with an ACEI for > 3 months were enrolled. The mean age was 62.6 +/- 11.6 years and 53.1% were women. The patients discontinued ACEI and switched to losartan 50 mg once daily. BP, heart rate, biochemistry, blood counts and ECGs were measured at day 1 and months 1, 3, 6 and 12. If the BP was > or = 140/90 mm Hg after 1 month or more, the dose of losartan was increased to 100 mg. After 1 month the BP decreased from 147.4 +/- 14.8/87.7 +/- 9.3 mm Hg to 139.7 +/- 11.8/83.0 +/- 9.3 mm Hg (p < 0.001) and after 1 year to 133.7 +/- 11.3/79.1 +/- 7.06 mm Hg (p < 0.001). The rate of adverse events did not significantly increase and no changes in plasma sodium, potassium, urea or creatinine were observed. CORD IB compared ramipril and losartan. 3,813 patients with BP > or = 140/90 mm Hg who were not being treated with an ACEI or ARB were enrolled. The mean age was 60.5 +/- 12.2 years and 50.5% were women. The patients were randomised to ramipril 5 mg (n = 1,926) or losartan 50 mg (n = 1,887). The dose was doubled if BP after 1 month was > or = 140/90 mm Hg. If the BP after 3 months still was > or = 140/90 mm Hg, another antihypertensive drug was added, typically athiazide diuretic. RESULTS: After 1 yearthe BP decreased in the ramipril group from 155.9 +/- 13.1/93.0 +/- 8.9 mm Hg to 134.1 +/- 11.2/81.5 +/- 6.8 mm Hg (p < 0.001) and in the losartan group from 156.5 +/- 13.1/93.4 +/- 8.8 to 134.55 +/- 11.3/80.16 +/- 6.6 mm Hg (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between the groups. A slight increase in plasma potassium (0.2 mmol in both groups) and urea (0.3 mmol in both groups) was observed, but no change in plasma creatinine. There was a small, insignificant decrease in plasma uric acid (in the ramipril group from 325.5 to 320.7 micromol/l and in the losartan group from 321.6 to 318.3 micromol/l) and a slight decrease in plasma glucose and triglycerides (0.2 mmol/l in both measures in both groups). No severe adverse events were observed, but dry cough was 8 times more frequently reported in the ramipril group. CONCLUSION: CORD IA confirmed that switching from an ACEI to losartan is safe and effective. Titrating the dose upwards or adding diuretics leads to good BP control in the majority of patients (2/3). CORD IB showed no differences between ramipril and losartan in lowering BP and both drugs showed a trend to improve metabolic parameters such as glycaemia, triglyceridaemia and uric acid equally. Dry cough was more frequent after ACEI.

• MeSH
• blokátory receptoru 1 pro angiotenzin II terapeutické užití   MeSH
• hypertenze farmakoterapie   MeSH
• inhibitory ACE terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• losartan terapeutické užití   MeSH
• ramipril terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• blokátory receptoru 1 pro angiotenzin II MeSH
• inhibitory ACE MeSH
• losartan MeSH
• ramipril MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is an important factor driving mortality among dialysis patients. Angiotensin-II receptor blocker (ARB) has been effective similarly to angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACEs) but with a low incidence of side effects. METHODOLOGY: The meta-analysis included all published studies that investigated the effect of ARB on the hypertension in adult dialysis patients (≥18 years). Data extraction was guided by a predetermined checklist. Data sources of the retrieved studies were PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, Cochrane, Web of knowledge, and Google Scholar were systematically searched until February 2023. Using the RevMan 5 software, the mean difference for systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP) and the risk ratio (RR) of the adverse events (AEs) were pooled from the selected studies. The random-effects model was used to compare the difference in the pre-and post-dialysis of the SBP and DBP. Data analyses were performed from December 2022 to February 2023. The primary outcome was the reduction in SBP and DBP in dialysis hypertensive patients who were on anti-hypertensive agents, and the secondary outcome was assessment of AE associated with the drug after dialysis (PROSPERO Registration: CRD42022355369). RESULTS: The initial search yielded 1,679 records, of which 84 studies underwent full-text evaluation, which identified 13 studies and 1,462 patients. The pooled standard MD for losartan with other anti-hypertensive agents, where the pre-dialysis SBP was 0.17 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.21-0.55) and the post-dialysis was 0.35 (95% CI: -0.17-1.02); yet, both are statistically non-significant, implies that there was no difference between Losartan and ARB drugs regarding the effect on the SBP. Diastolic BP for predialysis was -0.01 (95% CI: -0.65-0.63) and post-dialysis was 0.03 (95% CI: -0.24-0.30) and statistically non-significant. AEs by the ARB agents were lower compared to other anti-antihypertensive agents (relative risk [RR]: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.59-1.75) and statistically non-significant. CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis of RCT demonstrated that ARB and other anti-hypertensive medications had similar impacts on the treatment of hypertension.

• Klíčová slova
• Angiotensin receptor blocker, Antihypertensive agents, Diastolic blood pressure, Hemodialysis, Losartan, Post-dialysis, Systolic blood pressure,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

To provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of heart failure-induced renal dysfunction, we compared the effects of ACE inhibitor (ACEi) and AT1 receptor blocker (ARB) on systemic and kidney hemodynamics during heart failure in normotensive HanSD and hypertensive transgenic (TGR) rats. High-output heart failure was induced by creating an aorto-caval fistula (ACF). After five weeks, rats were either left untreated or treatment with ACEi or ARB was started for 15 weeks. Subsequently, echocardiographic, renal hemodynamic and biochemical measurements were assessed. Untreated ACF rats with ACF displayed significantly reduced renal blood flow (RBF) (HanSD: 8.9 ± 1.0 vs. 4.7 ± 1.6; TGR: 10.2 ± 1.9 vs. 5.9 ± 1.2 ml/min, both P < .001), ACEi had no major RBF effect, whereas ARB completely restored RBF (HanSD: 5.6 ± 1.1 vs. 9.0 ± 1.5; TGR: 7.0 ± 1.2 vs. 10.9 ± 1.9 ml/min, both P < .001). RBF reduction in untreated and ACEi-treated rats was accompanied by renal hypoxia as measured by renal lactate dehydrogenase activity, which was ameliorated with ARB treatment (HanSD: 40 ± 4 vs. 42 ± 3 vs. 29 ± 5; TGR: 88 ± 4 vs. 76 ± 4 vs. 58 ± 4 milliunits/mL, all P < .01). Unlike improvement seen in ARB-treated rats, ACE inhibition didn't affect urinary nitrates compared to untreated ACF TGR rats (50 ± 14 vs. 22 ± 13 vs. 30 ± 13 μmol/mmol Cr, both P < .05). ARB was more effective than ACEi in reducing elevated renal oxidative stress following ACF placement. A marker of ACEi efficacy, the angiotensin I/angiotensin II ratio, was more than ten times lower in renal tissue than in plasma. Our study shows that ARB treatment, in contrast to ACEi administration, prevents renal hypoperfusion and hypoxia in ACF rats with concomitant improvement in NO bioavailability and oxidative stress reduction. The inability of ACE inhibition to improve renal hypoperfusion in ACF rats may result from incomplete intrarenal RAS suppression in the face of depleted compensatory mechanisms.

• MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• blokátory receptoru 1 pro angiotenzin II farmakologie   MeSH
• hemodynamika účinky léků   MeSH
• hypertenze komplikace   MeSH
• inhibitory ACE farmakologie   MeSH
• krevní tlak MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• náchylnost k nemoci MeSH
• receptor angiotensinu typ 1 metabolismus   MeSH
• renální insuficience etiologie   metabolismus   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• renální oběh účinky léků   MeSH
• srdeční selhání komplikace   etiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• blokátory receptoru 1 pro angiotenzin II MeSH
• inhibitory ACE MeSH
• receptor angiotensinu typ 1 MeSH

BACKGROUND: Preclinical studies suggested that pharmacological inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) by ACE inhibitors (ACEis) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) may increase local angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression. METHODS: In this study, we evaluated the effect of ACEi or ARB treatment on expression of ACE2, ACE, and AGTR1 in 3-month protocol kidney allograft biopsies of stable patients using RT-qPCR (n = 48). Protein ACE2 expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry from paraffin sections. RESULTS: The therapy with RAAS blockers was not associated with increased ACE2, ACE, or ATGR1 expression in kidney allografts and also ACE2 protein immunohistochemistry did not reveal differences among groups. CONCLUSIONS: ACEis or ARBs in kidney transplant recipients do not affect local ACE2 expression. This observation supports long-term RAAS treatment in kidney transplant recipients, despite acute complications such as COVID-19 where ACE2 serves as the entry protein for infection.

• Klíčová slova
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, COVID-19, Kidney, Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors,
• MeSH
• alografty účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• angiotensin konvertující enzym 2 analýza   antagonisté a inhibitory   genetika   MeSH
• antagonisté receptorů pro angiotenzin farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• antihypertenziva farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• COVID-19 komplikace   genetika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• exprese genu účinky léků   MeSH
• ledviny účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• messenger RNA analýza   genetika   MeSH
• renin-angiotensin systém účinky léků   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• transplantace ledvin MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ACE2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• angiotensin konvertující enzym 2 MeSH
• antagonisté receptorů pro angiotenzin MeSH
• antihypertenziva MeSH
• messenger RNA MeSH

OBJECTIVE: The potential insulin-sensitizing function of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade (ARB) with regard to selected adipokines is not fully explained so far. Our study aimed to explore the influence of acute hyperinsulinaemia and acutely induced ARB on resistin and adiponectin concentrations and expressions in healthy subjects. DESIGN AND METHODS: Plasma adipokines were measured: 1) at 0, 30 and 240 min of hyperinsulinaemic (1 mU/kg per min) euglycaemic (5 mmol/l) clamp (HEC), and 2) during HEC after acute ARB (losartan 200 mg; AT-HEC) using the same protocol, in eight healthy subjects. Needle biopsy of abdominal s.c. fat was performed at 0, 30 and 240 min of both clamps to assess the adipokines' expressions. RESULTS: Comparing the glucose disposals of HEC and AT-HEC, no difference in insulin sensitivity was found. Plasma resistin increased equally during HEC and AT-HEC (P < 0.05). The expression of resistin in s.c. fat increased during HEC (P < 0.05), while no significant changes in expression were observed during AT-HEC. Plasma levels of adiponectin did not change during both clamps. Adiponectin expression increased during HEC (P < 0.05), while it did not change during AT-HEC. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy subjects, acute hyperinsulinaemia is associated with an increase in plasma resistin independently of ARB, while plasma adiponectin is not influenced by insulin or ARB. The expressions of both resistin and adiponectin in s.c. adipose tissue are stimulated by acute hyperinsulinaemia, whereas losartan attenuates their insulin-stimulated expressions. This suggests a potential effect of losartanon adipokines' expression.

• MeSH
• adiponektin krev   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• blokátory receptoru 1 pro angiotenzin II aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• exprese genu účinky léků   MeSH
• fixní kombinace léků MeSH
• glykemický clamp MeSH
• hyperinzulinismus chemicky indukované   MeSH
• inzulin aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• losartan aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• nitrobřišní tuk účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• receptor angiotensinu typ 1 fyziologie   MeSH
• resistin krev   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zdraví MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adiponektin MeSH
• ADIPOQ protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• blokátory receptoru 1 pro angiotenzin II MeSH
• fixní kombinace léků MeSH
• inzulin MeSH
• losartan MeSH
• receptor angiotensinu typ 1 MeSH
• resistin MeSH
• RETN protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč

Rheological, haemostatic, endothelial and platelet abnormalities appear to play a role in the thrombotic complications of hypertension. This prothrombotic/hypercoagulable state in hypertension may contribute to the increased risk and severity of target organ damage. It can be induced by the activated renin-angiotensin system (RAS), with abnormalities in endothelial and platelet function, coagulation and fibrinolysis. Treatment of uncomplicated essential hypertension by RAS targeting antihypertensive therapy could result in a reversal of prothrombotic abnormalities, contributing to a reduction of thrombosis-related complications. Since angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have two distinct mechanisms of RAS interruption, it is hypothesized that each therapy might have different impact on the prothrombotic state in hypertensive patients. Some studies demonstrate a beneficial effect of both ACE inhibitors and ARBs on prothrombotic state, in addition to their efficacy to normalize elevated blood pressure. The potentially antithrombotic effect of the RAS inhibiting agents may in turn support the preservation of cardiovascular function. Available data may offer an additional explanation for the efficacy of the RAS targeting agents in the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease.

• MeSH
• antihypertenziva terapeutické užití   MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• blokátory receptoru 1 pro angiotenzin II terapeutické užití   MeSH
• endoteliální buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• fibrinolytika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• hemokoagulace * účinky léků   MeSH
• hypertenze krev   komplikace   farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• inhibitory ACE terapeutické užití   MeSH
• krevní tlak MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• renin-angiotensin systém * účinky léků   MeSH
• trombocyty metabolismus   MeSH
• trombóza krev   farmakoterapie   etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antihypertenziva MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• blokátory receptoru 1 pro angiotenzin II MeSH
• fibrinolytika MeSH
• inhibitory ACE MeSH

An historical survey is presented of mortality trials on angiotensin-aldosteron system inhibition in patients with chronic heart failure. From the CONSENSUS trial up to the PARADIGM-HF trial, ACE inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor antagonists (AT1-blockers, ARBs, sartans), along with mineralocorticoid receptor blockers, have been the gold standard of treatment. Both direct renin blocker aliskiren and dual blocker enalapril + neprilysin proved ineffective; on the other hand, the new dual inhibitor valsartan + neprilysin LCZ 696 is a new and promising therapeutic agent for future treatment of chronic heart failure.

• MeSH
• antagonisté receptorů pro angiotenzin terapeutické užití   MeSH
• inhibitory ACE terapeutické užití   MeSH
• konsensus * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• renin-angiotensin systém účinky léků   MeSH
• srdeční selhání farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antagonisté receptorů pro angiotenzin MeSH
• inhibitory ACE MeSH