On instances of some worldwide problems of environmental protection, the authors refer to the fact, that a target of industrial countries is to help to the developing countries. Mainly it means an aim in such sense, that the dangerous failures and faults which happened in the past, should not be repeated as a consequence of temporaneous economical problems in the Third World. In the long run it is a common interest of all and certainly a sufficient motivation of a commonly coordinated effort in this field. It is at most desirable, that all developing projects, from a simple water supply to the integrated developing concepts, for example eco-agriculture projects, correspond with the national interests as well as with the specific requirements of environmental control.

• MeSH
• environmentální zdraví * ekonomika   MeSH
• rozvojové země * ekonomika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

In Czech Republic there is a long tradition of providing tertiary scholarships to students from developing countries. The government scholarship programme started in the 1950s already as a part of the Czechoslovak technical assistance to countries in the South. Even though the programme left tens of thousands of graduates all over the world, the recent programme evaluation has revealed that it is characterised by a relatively poor performance. This article brings forward the main outcomes of the programme evaluation, highlights the policy recommendations and summarises policy reflections that occurred following the evaluation. The programme evaluation was done under unfavourable circumstances and could be accordingly defined as 'shoestring evaluation'. The restrictions and their influence on evaluation outcomes are discussed in article, too.

• Klíčová slova
• Developing countries, Programme evaluation, Scholarship programmes, Shoestring evaluation, Tertiary education,
• MeSH
• financování vládou ekonomika   normy   trendy   MeSH
• hodnocení programu ekonomika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezinárodní vzdělávací výměna ekonomika   trendy   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• rozvojové země ekonomika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• sociální opora MeSH
• stipendia ekonomika   normy   trendy   MeSH
• studenti psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Over a million cardiac surgeries are performed every year around the globe. However, approximately 93% of world population living in low- and middle-income countries have no access to cardiac surgery. The incidence of rheumatic and congenital heart disease is high in Nepal, while only 2,500-3,000 cardiac surgeries are performed annually. The aim of our study is to analyze challenges and opportunities of establishing a cardiac surgery program in a peripheral hospital of Nepal. METHODS: We analyzed our effort to establish a cardiac surgery program in a peripheral hospital in Nepal. RESULTS: Out of 2,659 consulted and diagnosed patients, we performed 85 open-heart surgeries in 4 years. Mean age of patients was 38.35 ± 14.13 years. The majority of patients were male (62.4% of patients) with 65.9% suffering from rheumatic heart disease. Average intensive care unit stay and hospital stay were 2.32 ± 1.1 and 8.29 ± 2.75 days, respectively. No in-hospital mortality was observed. CONCLUSION: We conclude that developing cardiac surgical care in a peripheral hospital of a developing country is feasible with support from government, foreign colleagues, local teams, and non-governmental organizations. The availability of a regular cardiac surgery service in the periphery of the country makes such services more accessible for the patients and helps in reducing the long waiting lists and unmanageable workload in the established cardiac centers in the capital city.

• Klíčová slova
• cardiac surgery, challenges, developing countries, low- and middle-income countries, possibilities,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hrudní chirurgie * MeSH
• kardiochirurgické výkony * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nemocnice MeSH
• rozvojové země MeSH
• vrozené srdeční vady * chirurgie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Plastic waste circularity is a priority at a global level. Sustainable development goals (SDGs) set the ways to go, and the circular economy principles underlined the 'green' strategies to be employed. However, in practice, there is still much to do, especially in developing countries, where open burning and open dumping still represent the common way of plastic waste disposal. This review aims to analyse current plastic waste circular approaches in low-middle income settings. Seven countries were selected based on the economic level and data availability from the authors, and analysed to collect and critically discuss the actions implemented at a city level. Examples of waste minimization and recycling strategies, selective collection systems and public campaigns are reported from Africa, Asia and Latin America. First, a background analysis related to physical and governance aspects of municipal solid waste management systems of the chosen settings was conducted. The assessment was focused on the treatment processes or minimization actions. Then, the applicability of the projects to achieve the SDGs was commented on. The outcomes of the research underline the need to: (1) scale up small-scale and pilot projects, (2) disseminate good practices in more low- to middle-income settings, (3) create synergies among international partners for further replications in cities. Urgent solutions to plastic waste pollution are needed. The review presented practical actions to be implemented now to boost plastic waste circularity in developing cities.

• Klíčová slova
• Solid waste management, circular economy, informal recycling, sustainable development, waste pickers, waste valorization,
• MeSH
• cíle MeSH
• nakládání s odpady * metody   MeSH
• odpadky - odstraňování * metody   ekonomika   MeSH
• plastické hmoty * MeSH
• recyklace * metody   MeSH
• rozvojové země * MeSH
• trvale udržitelný rozvoj * MeSH
• tuhý odpad analýza   MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Asie MeSH
• Latinská Amerika MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH
• Názvy látek
• plastické hmoty * MeSH
• tuhý odpad MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL *, MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS *,
• MeSH
• antibiotická rezistence * MeSH
• bakteriologie * MeSH
• léková rezistence * MeSH
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis * MeSH
• rozvojové země * MeSH
• tuberkulóza * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Paper-based analysis has captivated scientists' attention in the field of analytical chemistry and related areas for the last two decades. Arguably no other area of modern chemical analysis is so broad and diverse in its approaches spanning from simple 'low-tech' low-cost paper-based analytical devices (PADs) requiring no or simple instrumentation, to sophisticated PADs and microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) featuring elements of modern material science and nanomaterials affording high selectivity and sensitivity. Correspondingly diverse is the applicability, covering resource-limited scenarios on the one hand and most advanced approaches on the other. Herein we offer a view reflecting this diversity in the approaches and types of devices. The core idea of this article rests in dividing μPADs according to their type into two groups: A) instrumentation-free μPADs for resource-limited scenarios or developing countries and B) instrumentation-based μPADs as futuristic POC devices for e-diagnostics mainly aimed at developed countries. Each of those two groups is presented and discussed with the view of the main requirements in the given area, the most common targets, sample types and suitable detection approaches either implementing high-tech elements or low-tech low-cost approaches. Finally, a socioeconomic perspective is offered in discussing the fabrication and operational costs of μPADs, and, future perspectives are offered.

• Klíčová slova
• Developing countries, High-tech, Instrumentation-free devices, Low-cost, Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), Paper-based analytical devices (PADs),
• MeSH
• laboratoř na čipu MeSH
• mikrofluidní analytické techniky * MeSH
• papír MeSH
• point of care testing MeSH
• rozvojové země MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Several developing countries have limited or no information about exposures near anthropogenic mercury sources and no studies have quantified costs of mercury pollution or economic benefits to mercury pollution prevention in these countries. In this study, we present data on mercury concentrations in human hair from subpopulations in developing countries most likely to benefit from the implementation of the Minamata Convention on Mercury. These data are then used to estimate economic costs of mercury exposure in these communities. Hair samples were collected from sites located in 15 countries. We used a linear dose-response relationship that previously identified a 0.18 IQ point decrement per part per million (ppm) increase in hair mercury, and modeled a base case scenario assuming a reference level of 1 ppm, and a second scenario assuming no reference level. We then estimated the corresponding increases in intellectual disability and lost Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). A total of 236 participants provided hair samples for analysis, with an estimated population at risk of mercury exposure near the 15 sites of 11,302,582. Average mercury levels were in the range of 0.48 ppm-4.60 ppm, and 61% of all participants had hair mercury concentrations greater than 1 ppm, the level that approximately corresponds to the USA EPA reference dose. An additional 1310 cases of intellectual disability attributable to mercury exposure were identified annually (4110 assuming no reference level), resulting in 16,501 lost DALYs (51,809 assuming no reference level). A total of $77.4 million in lost economic productivity was estimated assuming a 1 ppm reference level and $130 million if no reference level was used. We conclude that significant mercury exposures occur in developing and transition country communities near sources named in the Minamata Convention, and our estimates suggest that a large economic burden could be avoided by timely implementation of measures to prevent mercury exposures.

• Klíčová slova
• DALYs, Developing countries, Global mercury treaty, Intellectual disability, Lost economic productivity, Mercury,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• environmentální politika zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezinárodní spolupráce * MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• rozvojové země ekonomika   MeSH
• rtuť analýza   ekonomika   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• vlasy, chlupy chemie   MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky   ekonomika   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• znečištění životního prostředí analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• rtuť MeSH

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• diabetes mellitus epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• komplikace diabetu MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita komplikace   MeSH
• péče o sebe MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• rozvojové země statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Humans, animals and drinking water were examined for pathogenic germs in Sudan, Colombia and the Cap Verde Island. Samples taken from humans mainly consisted of wound,--throat,-- and vaginal swabs plus stools. From animals we took feces resp. anal swabs. All isolated bacterial strains were examined for their reaction to various chemotherapeutics. Gentamicine showed the most comprehensive effects. Co-trimoxazole was second best.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Bacteria účinky léků   MeSH
• divoká zvířata MeSH
• farynx mikrobiologie   MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• hospodářská zvířata MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiologie vody MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• rány a poranění mikrobiologie   MeSH
• rozvojové země * MeSH
• vagina mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zásobování vodou MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kolumbie MeSH
• ostrovy Atlantského oceánu MeSH
• Súdán MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Volkmann's ischaemic contracture (VIC) is a disabling condition resulting from tissue necrosis due to impaired vascular supply to the limb. Over the years VIC has become rare in developed countries with many different aetiologies described. It was alarming to have high incidence of established VIC in our practice in Nepal. A detailed analysis was conducted to accurately describe this issue. METHODS: We collected 47 cases of VIC over six years and noted the age, sex, district of origin and cause of VIC, duration of injury to presentation, and the grade of VIC. Then we compared these characteristics of VIC of each Nepal province and created a map to show the problematic regions. RESULTS: Out of 47 patients, 46 could have been prevented by an early treatment. The most common cause was a tight cast in 25 patients (53.19%), followed by unintentionally self-caused VIC by applying tight bandages in 21 patients (44.68%). Most cases came from province 6 (29.78%). Our group included three mild (6.4%), 35 moderate (74.5%) and nine severe (19.1%) cases of VIC. Only 14 cases (29.78%) had a timely fasciotomy in the past. CONCLUSION: VIC is an irreversible complication of the compartment syndrome which is an easily preventable condition in the setting of developing countries. Our focus should, therefore, aim at preventing such disastrous conditions as 97.87% of cases we encountered could have been avoided by proper primary care. In the case of Nepal most cases came from province 6 and province 3.

• Klíčová slova
• Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture, cast application, compartment syndrome, iatrogenic injury, paediatric orthopaedics,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• horní končetina krevní zásobení   MeSH
• ischemická kontraktura * etiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• rozvojové země * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nepál epidemiologie   MeSH