• MeSH
• AMP cyklický fyziologie   MeSH
• diskriminační učení účinky léků   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• paměť účinky léků   MeSH
• psychotropní léky farmakologie   MeSH
• retence (psychologie) účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• AMP cyklický MeSH
• psychotropní léky MeSH

In the present study we investigated the sex differences in the effect of adult long-term drug treatment on cognitive functions of Wistar rats, which were prenatally exposed to MA (5mg/kg) or saline. Cognitive functions were tested as an ability of spatial learning in the Morris Water Maze (MWM), which consisted of three types of tests: "Place Navigation Test"; "Probe Test", and "Memory Recall Test". Adult animals were injected daily, after completion of the last trial, either with saline or cocaine (COC; 5mg/kg), MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine; 5mg/kg), morphine (MOR; 5mg/kg), or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 2mg/kg). Results revealed worsened MWM performance in female rats after drug treatment in adulthood. Not only were traditionally investigated parameters affected by drug treatment (latency of platform acquisition, search strategy, distance traveled), but also strategies used by animals (thigmotaxis, scanning). Analyses of search strategies observed in the Place Navigation Test, as well as in the Memory Recall Test, demonstrated variations in the percentage of time spent in thigmotaxis and scanning in females after treatment with COC, MDMA, MOR, and THC. Although we did not see a sensitizing effect of prenatal MA, in some cases the effect of drug treatment in adulthood differed depending on the prenatal drug exposure. The data presented in this study demonstrates that exposure to drugs with various mechanisms of action alters spatial abilities of female rats in the MWM. Alterations in the effect of adult drug treatment with reference to prenatal drug exposure were also found in the present study.

• Klíčová slova
• Long-term drug treatment, Methamphetamine, Morris Water Maze, Sex differences, Spatial learning,
• MeSH
• kognice účinky léků   MeSH
• kokain farmakologie   MeSH
• methamfetamin toxicita   MeSH
• morfin farmakologie   MeSH
• N-methyl-3,4-methylendioxyamfetamin farmakologie   MeSH
• náhodné rozdělení MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• prostorová navigace účinky léků   MeSH
• prostorové učení účinky léků   MeSH
• psychologické testy MeSH
• psychotropní léky farmakologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• tetrahydrokanabinol farmakologie   MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice psychologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kokain MeSH
• methamfetamin MeSH
• morfin MeSH
• N-methyl-3,4-methylendioxyamfetamin MeSH
• psychotropní léky MeSH
• tetrahydrokanabinol MeSH

This review focuses on the relationship between psychotropic drugs and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Adult neurogenesis is important for learning and memory, as well as for depression and anxiety. There is some evidence that chronic treatment with opiates, stimulants and entactogens decreases neurogenesis and consequently impairs cognitive function, as well as inducing depressive-like behaviour in animals during drug withdrawal. On the other hand, NMDA receptor antagonists increase neurogenesis, but negatively affect cognitive function and have an antidepressant-like profile. We suggest that drug-induced changes in neurogenesis have a greater and more concise effect on emotive state reflecting the direction of influencing new cells proliferation than the performance of cognitive tasks. In this review we provide some evidence for this assumption.

• MeSH
• emoce účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• hipokampus cytologie   účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• kognice účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurogeneze účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• psychotropní léky farmakologie   MeSH
• stárnutí účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• psychotropní léky MeSH

Plant-based nootropics are a diverse group of natural drugs that can improve cognitive abilities through various physiological mechanisms, especially in cases where these functions are weakened or impaired. In many cases, the nootropics enhance erythrocyte plasticity and inhibit aggregation, which improves the blood's rheological properties and increases its flow to the brain. Many of these formulations possess antioxidant activity that protects brain tissue from neurotoxicity and improves the brain's oxygen supply. They can induce the synthesis of neuronal proteins, nucleic acids, and phospholipids for constructing and repairing neurohormonal membranes. These natural compounds can potentially be present in a great variety of herbs, shrubs, and even some trees and vines. The plant species reviewed here were selected based on the availability of verifiable experimental data and clinical trials investigating potential nootropic effects. Original research articles, relevant animal studies, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and clinical trials were included in this review. Selected representatives of this heterogeneous group included Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst., Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim., Ginkgo biloba L., Lepidium meyenii Walp., Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Paullinia cupana Kunth, Rhodiola rosea L., Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. The species are depicted and described, together with their active components and nootropic effects, and evidence of their efficacy is presented. The study provides brief descriptions of the representative species, their occurrence, history, and the chemical composition of the principle medicinal compounds, with uses, indications, experimental treatments, dosages, possible side effects, and contraindications. Most plant nootropics must be taken at optimal doses for extended periods before measurable improvement occurs, but they are generally very well tolerated. Their psychoactive properties are not produced by a single molecule but by a synergistic combination of several compounds. The available data suggest that including extracts from these plants in medicinal products to treat cognitive disorders can have substantial potential therapeutic benefits.

• Klíčová slova
• Ayurvedic medicinal plants, Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng, antioxidant activity, brahmi, gotu kola, learning ability, medicinal herbs, memory, smart drugs,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH