The paper provides a comprehensive survey of the use of capillary and microchip electrophoresis in combination with contactless conductivity detection (C4D) for the analysis of drinking water, beverages and foodstuffs. The introduction sets forth the fundamentals of conductivity detection anddescribes an axialC4Dversion. There is also a detailed discussion of the determination of inorganic ions, organic acids, fatty acids, amino acids, amines, carbohydrates, foreign substances and poisons from the standpoint of separation conditions, sample treatment and detection limits. Special attention is paid to the analysis of foodstuffs at microchips with emphasis on the employed material and connection of the microchip with the C4D. The review attempts to draw attention to modern trends, such as dual-opposite injection, field-enhanced sample injection, electromembrane extraction and on-line combination of microdialysis with CE. CE/C4D is characterised by high universality, high speed of analysis, simple sample preparation, small consumption of sample and other chemicals.

• Klíčová slova
• Beverages, Capillary electrophoresis, Contactless conductivity detection, Extraction, Food, Microchip electrophoresis,
• MeSH
• elektrická vodivost MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární MeSH
• elektroforéza mikročipová * MeSH
• ionty MeSH
• nápoje analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ionty MeSH

This review presents recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electromigration methods in proteomics and peptidomics. Sample preparation methods as well as instrumental innovations in the coupling of these advanced electromigration methods with mass spectrometry detection employed in proteomic and peptidomic analyses are presented. Interesting applications of various capillary electromigration methods in bottom-up as well as top-down proteomics, including investigation of post-translational modifications of proteins are described. In addition, several examples of the use of capillary electromigration methods combined with mass spectrometry detection in clinical proteomics and peptidomics are demonstrated.

• Klíčová slova
• Capillary electrophoresis, Mass spectrometry, Microchip Electrophoresis, Peptidomics, Proteomics,
• MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární metody   trendy   MeSH
• elektroforéza mikročipová metody   trendy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• peptidy chemie   MeSH
• proteiny chemie   MeSH
• proteomika metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• peptidy MeSH
• proteiny MeSH

This review gives a wide overview of recent advances and applications of capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis methods in the fields of proteomics and peptidomics in the period from mid-2018 up to the end of 2022. The methodological topics covering sample preparation and concentration techniques, hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis methods with mass spectrometry, and multidimensional separations by on-line or off-line coupled different capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography techniques are described and new developments in both bottom-up and top-down approaches in proteomics are presented. In addition, various applications of capillary electrophoresis methods in proteomic and peptidomic studies are demonstrated. They include monitoring of protein posttranslational modifications and applications in biological and biochemical research, clinical peptidomics and proteomics, and food analysis.

• Klíčová slova
• capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, peptidomics, proteomics, review,
• MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární metody   MeSH
• elektroforéza mikročipová * metody   MeSH
• peptidy chemie   MeSH
• proteiny analýza   MeSH
• proteomika metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• peptidy MeSH
• proteiny MeSH

The review presents an evaluation of the development of on-line, at-line and in-line sample treatment coupled with capillary and microchip electrophoresis over the last 10 years. In the first part, it describes different types of flow-gating interfaces (FGI) such as cross-FGI, coaxial-FGI, sheet-flow-FGI, and air-assisted-FGI and their fabrication using molding into polydimethylsiloxane and commercially available fittings. The second part deals with the coupling of capillary and microchip electrophoresis with microdialysis, solid-phase, liquid-phase, and membrane based extraction techniques. It mainly focuses on modern techniques such as extraction across supported liquid membrane, electroextraction, single drop microextraction, head space microextraction, and microdialysis with high spatial and temporal resolution. Finally, the design of sequential electrophoretic analysers and fabrication of SPE microcartridges with monolithic and molecularly imprinted polymeric sorbents are discussed. Applications include the monitoring of metabolites, neurotransmitters, peptides and proteins in body fluids and tissues to study processes in living organisms, as well as the monitoring of nutrients, minerals and waste compounds in food, natural and wastewater.

• Klíčová slova
• Capillary electrophoresis, Electromembrane extraction, Flow-gating interface, Liquid-phase extraction, Microchip electrophoresis, Microdialysis, On-line coupling, Sequential analysis, Solid-phase extraction,
• MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární metody   MeSH
• elektroforéza mikročipová * metody   MeSH
• mikrodialýza MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

This review article summarises aspects of the determination of amino acids using capillary and chip electrophoresis in combination with contactless conductivity detection from their historical beginnings to the present time. Discussion is included of the theory of conductivity detection in electromigration techniques, the design of contactless conductivity cells for detection in capillaries and on microchips, including the use of computer programs for simulation of the conductivity response and the process of the electrophoretic separation of amino acids. Emphasis is placed on optimisation of the background electrolyte composition, chiral separation, multidimensional separation, stacking techniques and the use of multidetection systems. There is also a description of clinical applications, the determination of amino acids in foodstuffs, waters, soils and composts with emphasis on modern techniques of sample treatment, such as microdialysis, liquid membrane extraction and many other techniques.

• Klíčová slova
• Amino acid, Capillary electrophoresis, Clinical analysis, Contactless conductivity detection, Food analysis, Microchip electrophoresis, Microdialysis, Sample treatment, Stacking,
• MeSH
• aminokyseliny MeSH
• elektrická vodivost MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární MeSH
• elektroforéza mikročipová * MeSH
• kapiláry MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminokyseliny MeSH

Amino acids are essential compounds for living organisms, and their determination in biological fluids is crucial for the clinical analysis and diagnosis of many diseases. However, the detection of most amino acids is hindered by the lack of a strong chromophore/fluorophore or electrochemically active group in their chemical structures. The highly sensitive determination of amino acids often requires derivatization. Capillary electrophoresis is a separation technique with excellent characteristics for the analysis of amino acids in biological fluids. Moreover, it offers the possibility of precapillary, on-capillary, or postcapillary derivatization. Each derivatization approach has specific demands in terms of the chemistry involved in the derivatization, which is discussed in this review. The family of homocyclic o-dicarboxaldehyde compounds, namely o-phthalaldehyde, naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde, and anthracene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde, are powerful derivatization reagents for the determination of amino acids and related compounds. In the presence of suitable nucleophiles they react with the primary amino group to form both fluorescent and electroactive derivatives. Moreover, the reaction rate enables all of the derivatization approaches mentioned above. This review focuses on articles that deal with using these reagents for the derivatization of amino acids and related compounds for ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, fluorescence, or electrochemical detection. Applications in capillary and microchip electrophoresis are summarized and discussed.

• Klíčová slova
• Derivatization, On-capillary, Postcapillary, Precapillary, o-Dicarboxaldehydes,
• MeSH
• aldehydy chemie   MeSH
• aminokyseliny * analýza   chemie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární metody   MeSH
• elektroforéza mikročipová MeSH
• naftaleny chemie   MeSH
• o-ftalaldehyd chemie   MeSH
• stereoizomerie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde MeSH Prohlížeč
• aldehydy MeSH
• aminokyseliny * MeSH
• naftaleny MeSH
• o-ftalaldehyd MeSH

Contactless conductivity detection (C4D) as a universal detection technique plays an important role in combination with efficient electrophoretic separation carried out in capillaries (CE) or on microchips (ME) in the analysis of clinical samples. C4D is particularly sensitive in the quantification of low molecular weight biogenic substances such as inorganic cations and anions, amino acids, amines, low molecular weight organic acids, saccharides and many drugs such as antibiotics, analgesics, anaesthetics or antiepileptics. Biogenic substances are determined in CE/C4D or ME/C4D directly in their native form without derivatization and sample matrix treatment is often based only on dilution or addition of an organic solvent. The limit of detection for most CE/C4D determinations is at the micromolar concentration level, which is sufficient to monitor physiological or therapeutic levels of most of low molecular weight biogenic substances. Therefore, CE/C4D and ME/C4D are widely used for sequential monitoring of nutrients, metabolites and waste products at the level of individual tissues and organs, low-invasive detection of inborn errors of metabolism and cystic fibrosis, pharmacokinetic monitoring and therapeutic drug monitoring. Innovative trends such as electrophoretic stacking, microdialysis, electromembrane extraction, portable and disposable CE instruments and minimally invasive clinical sampling techniques are mentioned. A critical evaluation of the positives and negatives of this technique is presented, covering the main applications published over the last 10 years.

• Klíčová slova
• Capillary electrophoresis, Clinical analysis, Contactless conductivity detection, Electromembrane extraction, Microchip electrophoresis, Microdialysis,
• MeSH
• aminy MeSH
• elektrická vodivost MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární metody   MeSH
• elektroforéza mikročipová * metody   MeSH
• kapiláry MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminy MeSH

The family of deubiquitinases (DUBs) comprises ∼100 enzymes that cleave ubiquitin from substrate proteins and thereby regulate key aspects of human physiology. DUBs have recently emerged as disease-relevant and chemically tractable, although currently there are no approved DUB-targeting drugs and most preclinical small molecules are low-potency and/or multitargeted. We paired a novel capillary electrophoresis microchip containing an integrated, "on-chip" C18 bed (SPE-ZipChip) with a TMT version of our recently described PRM-LIVE acquisition scheme on a timsTOF Pro mass spectrometer to facilitate rapid activity-based protein profiling of DUB inhibitors. We demonstrate the ability of the SPE-ZipChip to improve proteome coverage of complex samples as well as the quantitation integrity of CE-PRM-LIVE for TMT labeled samples. These technologies provide a platform to accurately quantify competitive binding of covalent and reversible inhibitors in a multiplexed assay that spans 49 endogenous DUBs in less than 15 min.

• MeSH
• deubikvitinasy metabolismus   MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární MeSH
• elektroforéza mikročipová * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• proteom MeSH
• ubikvitin * metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• deubikvitinasy MeSH
• proteom MeSH
• ubikvitin * MeSH

This review summarizes recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electroseparation methods in proteomic and peptidomic analyses since the year 2015 to ca. mid 2018. Sample preparation procedures for the removal of interfering components or for pre-fractionation and preconcentration of proteins and peptides of interest are discussed. The innovations in coupling of capillary or microchip electroseparation methods with different modes of mass spectrometry detection are covered. In addition, significant recent applications of capillary electromigration methods in both bottom-up and top-down proteomics as well as in determinations of post-translational modifications of proteins are presented. Moreover, several examples of the utilization of capillary electromigration methods coupled with mass spectrometry detection for clinical proteomics and peptidomics are described.

• Klíčová slova
• capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, microchip electrophoresis, peptidomics, proteomics,
• MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• peptidomimetika analýza   MeSH
• peptidy analýza   MeSH
• proteiny analýza   MeSH
• proteomika * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• peptidomimetika MeSH
• peptidy MeSH
• proteiny MeSH

A review on peak (band, zone) broadening in electromigration separation methods is presented, mainly covering articles published between the begining of 2000 and middle of 2002. Most attention is drawn to work dealing with microchip electrophoresis performed in micrototal analysis systems (microTAS) or the lab-on-a-chip, but many of the results are significant for capillary zone electrophoresis in general. The paper reviews the theoretical background of the peak dispersion due to the geometry of the separation channel, the transversal nonhomogeneity of the electroosmootic flow, and electromigration dispersion (sample overload) connected with the occurrence of the system zones (system peaks, system eigenpeaks).

• MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární * MeSH
• ionty MeSH
• mikrochemie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• reologie MeSH
• spektrální analýza MeSH
• teoretické modely * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ionty MeSH