The differential distribution of the plant signaling molecule auxin is required for many aspects of plant development. Local auxin maxima and gradients arise as a result of local auxin metabolism and, predominantly, from directional cell-to-cell transport. In this primer, we discuss how the coordinated activity of several auxin influx and efflux systems, which transport auxin across the plasma membrane, mediates directional auxin flow. This activity crucially contributes to the correct setting of developmental cues in embryogenesis, organogenesis, vascular tissue formation and directional growth in response to environmental stimuli.

• MeSH
• Models, Biological MeSH
• Embryonic Development MeSH
• Indoleacetic Acids metabolism   MeSH
• Membrane Transport Proteins genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Morphogenesis MeSH
• Plant Growth Regulators metabolism   MeSH
• Plant Proteins genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Plants * embryology   metabolism   MeSH
• Signal Transduction physiology   MeSH
• Protein Transport physiology   MeSH
• Tropism physiology   MeSH
• Plant Development MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Indoleacetic Acids MeSH
• Membrane Transport Proteins MeSH
• Plant Growth Regulators MeSH
• Plant Proteins MeSH

Plant hormones, pivotal regulators of plant growth, development, and response to environmental cues, have recently emerged as central modulators of epigenetic processes governing gene expression and phenotypic plasticity. This review addresses the complex interplay between plant hormones and epigenetic mechanisms, highlighting the diverse methodologies that have been harnessed to decipher these intricate relationships. We present a comprehensive overview to understand how phytohormones orchestrate epigenetic modifications, shaping plant adaptation and survival strategies. Conversely, we explore how epigenetic regulators ensure hormonal balance and regulate the signalling pathways of key plant hormones. Furthermore, our investigation includes a search for novel genes that are regulated by plant hormones under the control of epigenetic processes. Our review offers a contemporary overview of the epigenetic-plant hormone crosstalk, emphasizing its significance in plant growth, development, and potential agronomical applications.

• Keywords
• Abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinins, epigenetics, ethylene, gibberellins, histone modifications,
• MeSH
• Epigenesis, Genetic * MeSH
• Gene Expression Regulation, Plant MeSH
• Plant Growth Regulators * metabolism   MeSH
• Plants genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Plant Development genetics   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Plant Growth Regulators * MeSH

The international symposium "Auxins and Cytokinins in Plant Development" (ACPD), which is held every 4⁻5 years in Prague, Czech Republic, is a meeting of scientists interested in the elucidation of the action of two important plant hormones-auxins and cytokinins. It is organized by a group of researchers from the Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants at the Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences. The symposia already have a long tradition, having started in 1972. Thanks to the central role of auxins and cytokinins in plant development, the ACPD 2018 symposium was again attended by numerous experts who presented their results in the opening, two plenary lectures, and six regular sessions, including two poster sessions. Due to the open character of the research community, which is traditionally very well displayed during the meeting, a lot of unpublished data were presented and discussed. In this report, we summarize the contributions in individual sessions that attracted our attention.

• Keywords
• auxin, cytokinin, plant development, plant hormone crosstalk,
• MeSH
• Biological Transport MeSH
• Cytokinins metabolism   MeSH
• Indoleacetic Acids metabolism   MeSH
• Metabolic Networks and Pathways MeSH
• Plant Growth Regulators metabolism   MeSH
• Signal Transduction MeSH
• Plant Development * MeSH
• Environment MeSH
• Publication type
• Congress MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Cytokinins MeSH
• Indoleacetic Acids MeSH
• Plant Growth Regulators MeSH

The two-component system (TCS), which is one of the most evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway systems, has been known to regulate multiple biological activities and environmental responses in plants. Significant progress has been made in characterizing the biological functions of the TCS components, including signal receptor histidine kinase (HK) proteins, signal transducer histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins, and effector response regulator proteins. In this review, our scope is focused on the diverse structure, subcellular localization, and interactions of the HK proteins, as well as their signaling functions during development and environmental responses across different plant species. Based on data collected from scientific studies, knowledge about acting mechanisms and regulatory roles of HK proteins is presented. This comprehensive summary ofthe HK-related network provides a panorama of sophisticated modulating activities of HK members and gaps in understanding these activities, as well as the basis for developing biotechnological strategies to enhance the quality of crop plants.

• Keywords
• phosphorelay, plant development, plant growth, plant histidine kinases, stress responses, two-component system,
• MeSH
• Histidine * MeSH
• Histidine Kinase MeSH
• Protein Kinases MeSH
• Plants MeSH
• Plant Development * MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Histidine * MeSH
• Histidine Kinase MeSH
• Protein Kinases MeSH

Integrating important environmental signals with intrinsic developmental programmes is a crucial adaptive requirement for plant growth, survival, and reproduction. Key environmental cues include changes in several light variables, while important intrinsic (and highly interactive) regulators of many developmental processes include the phytohormones cytokinins (CKs) and ethylene. Here, we discuss the latest discoveries regarding the molecular mechanisms mediating CK/ethylene crosstalk at diverse levels of biosynthetic and metabolic pathways and their complex interactions with light. Furthermore, we summarize evidence indicating that multiple hormonal and light signals are integrated in the multistep phosphorelay (MSP) pathway, a backbone signalling pathway in plants. Inter alia, there are strong overlaps in subcellular localizations and functional similarities in components of these pathways, including receptors and various downstream agents. We highlight recent research demonstrating the importance of CK/ethylene/light crosstalk in selected aspects of plant development, particularly seed germination and early seedling development. The findings clearly demonstrate the crucial integration of plant responses to phytohormones and adaptive responses to environmental cues. Finally, we tentatively identify key future challenges to refine our understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating crosstalk between light and hormonal signals, and their integration during plant life cycles.

• Keywords
• Crosstalk, cytokinin, development., ethylene, light, multistep phosphorelay,
• MeSH
• Cytokinins metabolism   MeSH
• Ethylenes metabolism   MeSH
• Plant Growth Regulators metabolism   MeSH
• Signal Transduction * MeSH
• Light * MeSH
• Plant Development * MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Cytokinins MeSH
• ethylene MeSH Browser
• Ethylenes MeSH
• Plant Growth Regulators MeSH

Chromatin structure influences DNA accessibility and underlying gene expression. Disturbances of chromatin structure often result in pleiotropic developmental phenotypes. Interactions between chromatin modifications and development have been the main focus of epigenetic studies. Recent years brought major advance in uncovering and understanding connections between chromatin organisation in the nucleus and metabolic processes that take place in the cytoplasm or other cellular compartments. Products of primary metabolism and cell redox states influence chromatin-modifying complexes, and chromatin modifiers in turn affect expression of metabolic genes. Current evidence indicates that complex interaction loops between these biological system layers exist. Applying interdisciplinary and holistic approaches will decipher causality and molecular mechanisms of the dynamic crosstalk between chromatin structure, metabolism and plant growth and development.

• MeSH
• Chromatin * genetics   MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• Epigenesis, Genetic * MeSH
• Plants genetics   MeSH
• Plant Development genetics   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Chromatin * MeSH
• DNA MeSH

With No Lysine kinases (WNKs) are a distinct family of Serine/Threonine protein kinase with unique arrangement of catalytic residues in kinase domain. In WNK, an essential catalytic lysine requisite for attaching ATP and phosphorylation reaction is located in subdomain I, instead of subdomain II, which is essentially a typical feature of other Ser/Thr kinases. WNKs are identified in diverse organisms including multicellular and unicellular organisms. Mammalian WNKs are well characterized at structural and functional level, while plant WNKs are not explored much except few recent studies. Plant WNKs role in various physiological processes viz. ion maintenance, osmotic stress, pH homeostasis, circadian rhythms, regulation of flowering time, proliferation and organ development, and abiotic stresses are known, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. Plant WNKs are known to be involved in enhanced drought and salt stress response via ABA-signaling pathway, but the complete signaling cascade is yet to be elucidated. The current review will discuss the interplay between WNKs and growth regulators and their cross talks in plant growth and development. We have also highlighted the link between the stress phytohormones and WNK members in regulating abiotic stress responses in plants. The present review will provide an overall known mechanism on the involvement of WNKs in plant growth and development and abiotic stress response and highlight its role/applications in the development of stress-tolerant plants.

• Keywords
• Abiotic stress, Kinases, Phytohormones, Plant growth and development, WNKs,
• MeSH
• Arabidopsis genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Circadian Rhythm physiology   MeSH
• Stress, Physiological MeSH
• Plant Physiological Phenomena * MeSH
• Plant Roots growth & development   metabolism   MeSH
• Lysine metabolism   MeSH
• Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases metabolism   MeSH
• Plant Growth Regulators metabolism   MeSH
• Plant Proteins genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Plant Development MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Lysine MeSH
• Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases MeSH
• Plant Growth Regulators MeSH
• Plant Proteins MeSH

HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 90 (HSP90s) are molecular chaperones that mediate correct folding and stability of many client proteins. These chaperones act as master molecular hubs involved in multiple aspects of cellular and developmental signalling in diverse organisms. Moreover, environmental and genetic perturbations affect both HSP90s and their clients, leading to alterations of molecular networks determining respectively plant phenotypes and genotypes and contributing to a broad phenotypic plasticity. Although HSP90 interaction networks affecting the genetic basis of phenotypic variation and diversity have been thoroughly studied in animals, such studies are just starting to emerge in plants. Here, we summarize current knowledge and discuss HSP90 network functions in plant development and cellular homeostasis.

• Keywords
• Chaperone, HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90, client protein, co-chaperone, plant cell, plant development, protein kinase,
• MeSH
• Phenotype MeSH
• Genotype MeSH
• Molecular Chaperones genetics   MeSH
• HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins * genetics   MeSH
• Plant Development * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Molecular Chaperones MeSH
• HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins * MeSH

Cells sense a variety of extracellular signals balancing their metabolism and physiology according to changing growth conditions. Plasma membranes are the outermost informational barriers that render cells sensitive to regulatory inputs. Membranes are composed of different types of lipids that play not only structural but also informational roles. Hormones and other regulators are sensed by specific receptors leading to the activation of lipid metabolizing enzymes. These enzymes generate lipid second messengers. Among them, phosphatidic acid (PA) is a well-known intracellular messenger that regulates various cellular processes. This lipid affects the functional properties of cell membranes and binds to specific target proteins leading to either genomic (affecting transcriptome) or non-genomic responses. The subsequent biochemical, cellular and physiological reactions regulate plant growth, development and stress tolerance. In the present review, we focus on primary (genome-independent) signaling events triggered by rapid PA accumulation in plant cells and describe the functional role of PA in mediating response to hormones and hormone-like regulators. The contributions of individual lipid signaling enzymes to the formation of PA by specific stimuli are also discussed. We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and future perspectives needed to decipher the mode of action of PA in the regulation of cell functions.

• Keywords
• autophagy, biologically active substance, diacylglycerol kinase, phosphatidic acid, phospholipase, phospholipid, signal transduction, targets,
• MeSH
• Phospholipase D * metabolism   MeSH
• Hormones metabolism   MeSH
• Phosphatidic Acids * metabolism   MeSH
• Proteins metabolism   MeSH
• Plant Proteins genetics   MeSH
• Plants metabolism   MeSH
• Signal Transduction physiology   MeSH
• Plant Development MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Phospholipase D * MeSH
• Hormones MeSH
• Phosphatidic Acids * MeSH
• Proteins MeSH
• Plant Proteins MeSH

In this mini-review, recent advances in plant developmental proteomics are summarized. The growing interest in plant proteomics continually produces large numbers of developmental studies on plant cell division, elongation, differentiation, and formation of various organs. The brief overview of changes in proteome profiles emphasizes the participation of stress-related proteins in all developmental processes, which substantially changes the view on functional classification of these proteins. Next, it is noteworthy that proteomics helped to recognize some metabolic and housekeeping proteins as important signaling inducers of developmental pathways. Further, cell division and elongation are dependent on proteins involved in membrane trafficking and cytoskeleton dynamics. These protein groups are less prevalently represented in studies concerning cell differentiation and organ formation, which do not target primarily cell division. The synthesis of new proteins, generally observed during developmental processes, is followed by active protein folding. In this respect, disulfide isomerase was found to be commonly up-regulated during several developmental processes. The future progress in plant proteomics requires new and/or complementary approaches including cell fractionation, specific chemical treatments, molecular cloning and subcellular localization of proteins combined with more sensitive methods for protein detection and identification.

• MeSH
• Plant Physiological Phenomena * MeSH
• Proteomics methods   MeSH
• Plant Proteins metabolism   MeSH
• Plants metabolism   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Plant Proteins MeSH