We examined the visual and cognitive functions of a 72-year-old subject, KP, who recovered his sight after 53 years of visual deprivation. We used visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to pattern-reversal and motion-onset stimuli and cognitive responses (ERPs) during the oddball paradigm to assess the effect of long-term deprivation on a mature visual system. KP lost his sight at the age of 17 years, and light projection onto his right retina was restored at 71 years by a corneal implant. Nine months after sight recovery we recorded reproducible responses to all examined stimuli. The response to pattern reversal contained two P100-like peaks with the later peak being dominant and significantly delayed (260 ms) when compared to the P100s of two control subjects, to whom the stimuli were adjusted in size and contrast to mimic KP's vision. KP's motion-onset VEPs to full-field and peripheral stimuli had a characteristic shape with a well-defined N2 peak; however, both peaks were significantly delayed (262 and 272 ms) compared to control responses. Unlike the P100 and N2 peaks, which represent sensory detection, the P3b/P300 component of the ERP to a target event in the oddball paradigm was not further delayed. In spite of degraded vision and sensory deprivation lasting 53 years, KP displayed reproducible responses to all reported stimuli. Long-term visual deprivation and retinal detachment degraded KP's visual sensory processing, assessed by pattern-reversal and motion-onset VEPs, whereas the cognitive processing of appropriate visual stimuli was not compromised.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obnova funkce fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• senzorické prahy fyziologie   MeSH
• slepota patofyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání pohybu fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové evokované potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

UNLABELLED: Single cases may lead to unexpected hypotheses in psychology. We retrospectively analyzed single case studies that suggested organizational principles along the early visual pathway, which have remained unanswered until now. FIRST CASE: In spite of the inhomogeneity of sensitivity, paradoxically the visual field on the subjective level appears to be homogeneous; constancy of brightness of supra-threshold stimuli throughout the visual field is claimed to be responsible for homogeneity; specific summation properties of retinal ganglion cells are hypothesized to guarantee this effect. SECOND CASE: With a brain-injured patient having suffered a partial visual field loss it can be shown that color induction is a retinal phenomenon; lateral inhibitory processes at the level of amacrine cells are hypothesized as neural network. Third case: In a patient having suffered a bilateral occipital lobe infarction, some functional recovery has been demonstrated; divergence and convergence of projection in the ascending neural pathway are suggested as a structural basis for recovery. Slowed down binocular rivalry discloses a sequential mechanism in the construction of a visual percept. Fourth case: The pre-wired projection of the retina to the visual cortex in spite of a severe squint of one eye is confirmed, but paradoxically some local neuroplasticity is also suggested. Fifth case: Using habituation of local sensitivity in the visual field and its resetting by interhemispheric interactions as an experimental paradigm, it is suggested that spatial attention is controlled at the midbrain level. Sixth case: Observations on residual vision or "blindsight" support the hypothesis that the visual cortex is the one and only structure responsible for visual perception on a conscious level. The unifying principle of these retrospective analyses is that subjective visual phenomena can lead to unexpected but testable hypotheses of neural processing on the structural and functional level in the early visual pathway.

• Klíčová slova
• attentional control, binocular rivalry, blindsight, brightness perception, color perception, consciousness, eccentricity effect, habituation, neuroplasticity, restitution of function,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metathalamus fyziologie   MeSH
• mozkový infarkt patofyziologie   MeSH
• poranění mozku patofyziologie   MeSH
• pozornost fyziologie   MeSH
• retina fyziologie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• slepota patofyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace MeSH
• vnímání barev MeSH
• zraková pole * MeSH
• zrakové dráhy fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové korové centrum fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

The authors present results of retrospective study of 25 patients with the first attack of acute optic neuritis followed at the Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Hradec Králové. Visual functions were deteriorated in all patients. Visual acuity was in range between 0.8 to hand movement. Central scotoma was present in 12 patients, other visual field patterns were seen in 13 patients. Complete recovery of visual functions was observed in 24 patients during the six months. Patients were examined for signs of multiple sclerosis (MS). In the group without MS (15 patients) were three treated with steroids (2 received intravenous methylprednisolone and 1 oral prednisone before referral to us), vitamins were administered to the others. The patients with proved MS were managed at the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Hradec Králové.

• MeSH
• akutní nemoc MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zánět zrakového nervu farmakoterapie   etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• zraková ostrost * MeSH
• zraková pole * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

PURPOSE: The implantation of an intraocular telescope increases life quality in patients with end-stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The present study monitored changes in electrophysiological markers of visual processing before and during seventeen months after a novel mirror telescope implantation in two patients (OV-male 90 years, MZ-female 70 years) with the final-stage form of AMD. METHODS: Visual evoked potentials were recorded to high-contrast pattern-reversal (PR-VEP for check size 40' and 10'), low-contrast motion-onset stimuli (in visual periphery M-VEP M20°, and in central part M-VEP C8°), and event-related potentials (ERPs) in the oddball visual paradigm. RESULTS: MZ's more systematic responses showed attenuation and prolongation of the M-VEP M20° and the PR-VEP 40' immediately after the telescope implantation with a slow amplitude recovery with unchanged prolonged latency. The implantation completely eradicated the M-VEP C8° without any restoration. The PR-VEP 10' were not readable. Only a part of OV's PR-VEP 40' and M-VEP M20' were of a repeatable and expected morphology. These OV's VEPs were consistent with MZ's findings. The ERPs did not show any effect of implantation in both patients. Post-implantation visual acuity and reaction time overcame the pre-implantation levels. CONCLUSIONS: The mirror telescope preserved peripheral vision in contrast to classic telescopes; however, the telescope concurrently reduced the luminance of the magnified retinal image, which was likely responsible for the prolongation of the VEP latencies.

• Klíčová slova
• Age-related macular degeneration, Intraocular mirror telescope, Motion-onset VEPs, Oddball ERPs, P3b, Pattern-reversal VEPs,
• MeSH
• čočky * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makulární degenerace * patofyziologie   rehabilitace   MeSH
• rozpoznávání obrazu fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• teleskopy * MeSH
• zraková ostrost MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové evokované potenciály * MeSH
• zrakové protézy * normy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

BACKGROUND: Ephedrine is used in treatment of hypotension during anesthesia. We investigated its effects on the psychomotor recovery and its potential adverse reactions on cardiorespiratory functions in rhesus monkeys. METHODS: The monkeys received 50 μg/kg medetomidine, 2.0 mg/kg S-ketamine with 150 IU hyaluronidase i.m. Pulse rate, blood pressure and saturation of haemoglobin were monitored for 20 minutes. Thereafter, 1 mg/kg of ephedrine or a placebo was administered i.m. and behavioural changes, pulse rate, blood pressure and saturation of haemoglobin were monitored every 5 minutes. RESULTS: Ephedrine shortened recovery from anaesthesia from 80.4 ± 25.8 to 14.83 ± 13.70 minutes. Ephedrine also increased oxygen saturation of haemoglobin and systolic blood pressure and caused significant decrease in pulse rate 5 minutes after its administration. CONCLUSIONS: Ephedrine can be successfully used to accelerate psychomotor recovery after the use of common anesthetic protocols combining dissociative anesthetic agent and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist in primates.

• MeSH
• adrenergní látky farmakologie   MeSH
• anestetika disociativní MeSH
• efedrin farmakologie   MeSH
• hypnotika a sedativa MeSH
• ketamin MeSH
• krevní tlak účinky léků   MeSH
• Macaca mulatta MeSH
• medetomidin MeSH
• probouzení z anestezie * MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon účinky léků   MeSH
• pulz MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adrenergní látky MeSH
• anestetika disociativní MeSH
• efedrin MeSH
• hypnotika a sedativa MeSH
• ketamin MeSH
• medetomidin MeSH

The term homonymous hemianopia refers to visual impairment due to a post-chiasmatic brain lesion. Mammalian neurons of the central nervous system do not have the ability to regenerate. However, the cerebral cortex shows plasticity in certain cases. Motor or speech disorders due to frontal lobe brain damage can be improved with well-directed rehabilitation techniques. If such plasticity is possible, it raises the question whether specialized training could improve a cortical visual disorder. There is need for simple visual training which could be used in rehabilitation. A few different approaches have been developed to treat patients with hemianopia: (1) substitution including special devices, such as optical prisms; (2) compensation using intact residual abilities - especially training of eye movements; (3) restitution which is based on stimulating the blind hemifield. The third method of rehabilitation is the most controversial; however, it has the largest potential. To support concepts of the targeted rehabilitation outlined here, first: further development of the theory of plasticity in visual pathways is required and second: the efficacy of the rehabilitation procedures has to be demonstrated by clinical evidence. We review methods and approaches of hemianopia rehabilitation and treatment. We also review results of contemporary clinical studies and meta-studies.

• MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda komplikace   MeSH
• hemianopsie etiologie   rehabilitace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obnova funkce fyziologie   MeSH
• techniky fyzikální terapie * MeSH
• zraková pole fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy is noninfectious zonal dysfunction of outer retina often adjacent to optic nerve. It is accompanied by temporary disappearance of retinal fotoreceptor layer, visual acuity drop and late pigmentary fundus changes. Authors present a case report of a patient with unilateral involvement and spontaneous visual acuity resolution followed by quick reappearance of photoreceptor layer on OCT.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obnova funkce * MeSH
• retina patologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• skotom diagnóza   patofyziologie   MeSH
• spontánní remise MeSH
• syndromy bílých teček MeSH
• zraková ostrost fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková pole fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

CONTEXT: Visual disturbances due to the toxic effect of formic acid in acute methanol poisonings are generally transient. The subjective symptoms of visual toxicity may resolve within few weeks and fundoscopic signs of acute optic neuropathy subside within 1-2 months; therefore, the prevalence of long-term visual sequelae in the population of survivors of poisonings may be underestimated. OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence and character of long-term visual sequelae of acute methanol poisonings based on the data from the Czech mass methanol outbreak in 2012. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 50 patients with confirmed methanol poisoning were included in this longitudinal cross-sectional study, median age: 48 (range, 23-73) years. The following tests were performed: optical coherence tomography or OCT with evaluation of the retinal nerve fibers layer (RNFL), visual evoked potentials (VEP), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain, complete ocular examination (visual acuity/field, color vision, contrast sensitivity, and fundus), neurological examinations, and biochemical tests. RESULTS: Of 50 patients, 7/50 (14%) were discharged with diagnosed visual sequelae and 6/50 (12%) were discharged with both visual and central nervous system sequelae of poisoning. On the follow-up examination, 20/50 (40%) of the patients had long-term visual sequelae, with 8% of blindness. A total of 38% of the patients had abnormal (28% borderline) findings on RNFL, and 40% had abnormal (18% borderline) VEP. Among the patients discharged without detected visual sequelae, 8/37 (22%) had abnormal RNFL and VEP. Patients with visual sequelae had brain lesions more often (70% vs. 27%, p < 0.01). MRI identified optic nerve lesions in 2/20 cases with abnormal VEP only. The groups with and without visual sequelae differed in serum methanol, ethanol, HCO3-, formate, pH, anion gap, and base deficit (all p < 0.01). Visual disturbances on admission and coma were more prevalent in the patients with visual sequelae (p < 0.05). Patients with positive serum ethanol on admission were 93% less likely to have optical axonal damage (OR: 0.07 (95% CI: 0.01-0.8); p < 0.05). No association was found between visual sequelae and type of antidote administered, mode of hemodialysis, or folate substitution. Pre-hospital administration of ethanol seemed beneficial: these patients were 90% less likely to have abnormal RNFL findings (OR: 0.10 (95% CI: 0.02-0.52); p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The long-term visual sequelae were clearly underestimated on discharge, suggesting a significantly higher amount of patients with long-term sequelae than earlier reported. Thorough examinations before discharge and during follow-up will likely uncover a higher morbidity also after methanol poisonings in general.

• Klíčová slova
• acute methanol poisoning, health sequelae of poisoning, hospital treatment, long-term visual damage, treatment outcome,
• MeSH
• akutní nemoc MeSH
• bazální ganglia účinky léků   patofyziologie   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• diagnostické techniky oftalmologické MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby * MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• logistické modely MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• methanol otrava   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• nervus opticus účinky léků   patofyziologie   MeSH
• obnova funkce MeSH
• ochranné faktory MeSH
• odds ratio MeSH
• otrava diagnóza   epidemiologie   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• poruchy zraku chemicky indukované   diagnóza   epidemiologie   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• retina účinky léků   patofyziologie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• rozdělení chí kvadrát MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• zrak účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• methanol MeSH

The aim of the present study was to quantify the effect of multisensory rehabilitation on rats' cognition after an experimental brain trauma and to assess its possible clinical implications. The complex intermittent multisensory rehabilitation consisted of currently used major therapeutic procedures targeted at the improvement of cognitive functions; including multisensory and motor stimulation and enriched environment. We have confirmed this positive effect of early multisensory rehabilitation on the recovery of motor functions after traumatic brain injury. However, we have been able to prove a positive effect on the recovery of cognitive functions only with respect to the frequency of efficient search strategies in a Barnes maze test, while results for search time and travelled distance were not significantly different between study groups. We have concluded that the positive effects of an early treatment of functional deficits are comparable with the clinical results in early neurorehabilitation in human patients after brain trauma. It might therefore be reasonable to apply these experimental results to human medical neurorehabilitation care.

• MeSH
• bludiště - učení fyziologie   MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• obnova funkce fyziologie   MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• poranění mozku rehabilitace   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) were used for objective testing of visual functions during treatment courses of Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) in adult patients in the Czech Republic. In 30 LNB patients with originally delayed VEP latencies, pattern-reversal (R-VEP) and motion onset (M-VEP) VEPs were repeatedly examined within 1 to 8 years. Six patients had Lyme optic neuritis (ON), five of them displayed prolonged latencies in both R-VEPs and M-VEPs, and one had only abnormal R-VEPs. The VEP recovery to normal latency values was in three of them. In the group of 24 LNB patients without ON, 14 patients displayed prolonged latencies only to motion stimuli, and 10 patients had abnormal latencies in both R-VEPs and M-VEPs. During the follow-up period, 7 patients displayed shortening to normal latencies. In 5 patients, VEPs latencies improved only partially, and in the remaining 12 patients, VEPs did not improve at all. This study provides objective evidence that in LNB, most of the patients without clinically manifesting ON display optic pathway involvement-predominantly magnocellular system/dorsal stream function changes. In patients with ON, however, mainly the parvocellular system is affected. About half of the patients without ON improved with a relatively long-time course of latency shortening.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymská neuroborelióza komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• poruchy zraku etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• zrakové evokované potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH