Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common chronic oral mucosal lesion affecting up to 25% of the population. The diagnosis is based on well-defined clinical characteristics, but the precise aetiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. The treatment of RAS should be based on the identification and control of possible predisposing factors. A wide range of topical medicaments is available as antiseptics, anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids. The systemic treatment is indicated in patients with continuous and aggressive manifestation, which is extremely rare in children. The present article provides a review of the current concept and knowledge of the aetiology, pathogenesis, and management of RAS in the paediatric population.

• Klíčová slova
• children, pathogenesis, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, treatment,
• MeSH
• aftózní stomatitida * diagnóza   farmakoterapie   etiologie   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• recidiva MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate five polymorphisms in the SLC6A4 gene in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) and healthy controls. DESIGN: Totally, 239 subjects were enrolled in this case-control study: 86 patients with RAS and 153 healthy individuals were genotyped for serotonin transporter length polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism, variable number tandem repeat (STin2) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs25531, rs3813034, rs1042173) in the SLC6A4 gene by polymerase chain reaction with/without restriction analysis. RESULTS: No significant differences in the allele or genotype frequencies in all studied polymorphisms between RAS patients and healthy controls (P > 0.05) were detected. However, the haplotype analysis detected a higher frequency of LA12 (HTTLPR, rs25531, STin2) haplotype in RAS patients in comparison with healthy controls (P < 0.05, OR = 1.63, 95 % CI = 1.07-2.49). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates a possible relationship between SLC6A4 and susceptibility to RAS in the Czech population.

• Klíčová slova
• Polymorphism, Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, SLC6A4, Serotonin transporter gene,
• MeSH
• aftózní stomatitida * genetika   MeSH
• frekvence genu MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránové transportní proteiny pro serotonin * genetika   MeSH
• recidiva MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• membránové transportní proteiny pro serotonin * MeSH
• SLC6A4 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč

UNLABELLED: Oral mucosa is one of the specific surfaces of the human body, which is permanently exposed to external factors related with food intake, breathing and speaking processes, which can lead to the onset of some problems. Disorders of the oral mucosa are a group of diseases, affecting, in the course of life, the majority of the population. Many of the oral mucosa ailments are manifested by lesions. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common of these diseases. Despite much clinical and research attention, its causes remain poorly understood and treatment is only symptomatic. RAS is reported to affect up to 25% of the population worldwide. Topical or systemic therapy (corticosteroids, antiseptics, anti-inflamatory drugs, immunomodulating agents, etc.) can be used for treatment of RAS-associated symptoms. In general, topical therapy should be preferred due to the smaller drug load of the organism. In both cases, the active substance has to be in suitable dosage form. Recently, besides the conventional ways of application (rinses), the main disadvantage of which is the short time of resistance in the oral cavity, mucoadhesive dosage forms are used. The aim of this article is to give a theoretical overview of the oral mucosa topic and its most frequent disease - recurrent aphthous stomatitis in terms of various types of the disease classification, diagnosis and therapy, and in terms of the usage of various types of active substances and medical forms. KEYWORDS: oral mucosa recurrent aphthous stomatitis therapy mucoadhesive dosage forms.

• MeSH
• aftózní stomatitida * MeSH
• antiinfekční látky lokální MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ústní sliznice * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antiinfekční látky lokální MeSH

BACKGROUND: The development of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), inflammatory disease of oral mucosa, is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. The aim of this study was to investigate polymorphisms located in seven genes coding different types of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-collagenases (MMP1, MMP8, and MMP13), gelatinases (MMP2 and MMP9), stromelysin (MMP3), and membrane-type metalloproteinase (MMP16) in patients with RAS and healthy controls. METHODS: Totally, 223 subjects were included in this case-control study and their detailed anamnestic, clinical, and laboratory parameters were recorded. Seventy-seven patients with RAS and 146 controls were genotyped for seventeen polymorphisms in the MMPs genes using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or PCR with restriction analysis. RESULTS: Allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies of the studied polymorphisms between RAS patients and controls were similar, except for allele distributions of MMP1 rs1144393, MMP9 rs3918242, and MMP16 rs10429371, which were different between patients with RAS and healthy controls (P = .023, P = .049 and P = .025, all Pcorr > 0.05, respectively). Moreover, the comparison of genotype frequencies (TT vs CC + CT) of the MMP16 rs10429371 variant showed a marginally significant difference between RAS patients and controls (P = .05, Pcorr > 0.05, OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 0.95-2.98). CONCLUSIONS: No significant relationship between investigated polymorphisms in seven MMPs genes and RAS development in the Czech population was observed in this study.

• Klíčová slova
• case-control study, matrix metalloproteinase, polymorphism, recurrent aphthous stomatitis,
• MeSH
• aftózní stomatitida enzymologie   genetika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• frekvence genu MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matrixové metaloproteinasy genetika   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• matrixové metaloproteinasy MeSH

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common oral ulcerative inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. IL-2 and IFN-γ are secreted by Th1 cells and the elevated levels of them have been reported in RAS. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-2 and IFN-γ genes could alter the cytokine production. The aim of this study was to investigate frequencies of IL-2 and IFN-γ alleles and genotypes in a group of patients with minor-RAS (MiRAS). PCR-SSP method used to type genomic DNA of 64 Iranian patients with MiRAS for IL-2 gene (G -330 T) and (G +166 T) and IFN-γ gene at position UTR5644 (A/T). Frequency of each allele and genotype was compared with control group. IL-2 +166 G allele was significantly lower among patients which was reflected in significantly decreased of GG genotype at this position, while IL-2 +166 T allele was significantly higher among patients, IL-2 GT genotype was also significantly higher in RAS patients. No significant differences were found regarding IL-2 -330 G/T allele frequencies, while IL-2 GT genotype at this position was significantly higher among patients and IL-2 -330 TT genotype was significantly lower among RAS patients. Although no significant differences were found in IFN-γ allele frequencies at UTR5644 (A/T), AT genotype at this position was significantly overrepresented among patients compared with controls. Results of this study suggest that certain SNPs of IL-2 and IFN-γ genes have association with predisposition of individuals to RAS. More studies in different ethnic groups are needed to confirm results of this study.

• Klíčová slova
• Interferon-gamma, Interleukin-2, Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, Single nucleotide polymorphisms,
• MeSH
• aftózní stomatitida genetika   MeSH
• alely MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• interferon gama genetika   MeSH
• interleukin-2 genetika   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Írán MeSH
• Názvy látek
• interferon gama MeSH
• interleukin-2 MeSH

BACKGROUND: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is one of the most prevalent oral mucosal immunological diseases. A recent case-control study in the Egyptian population suggested that single nucleotide polymorphism Gly54Asp (rs1800450) of the mannose-binding lectin 2 gene might affect the mannose-binding lectin serum level and recurrent aphthous stomatitis development. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of six functional mannose-binding lectin 2 gene polymorphisms and analyse their role in recurrent aphthous stomatitis susceptibility in the Czech population. METHODS: The study included 227 subjects; 137 healthy people and 90 patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Six mannose-binding lectin 2 gene polymorphisms (rs11003125, rs7096206, rs7095891, rs5030737, rs1800450, rs1800451) were analysed by the SNaPshot assay method, mannose-binding lectin serum levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method in a subgroup of subjects (N = 87). RESULTS: No significant differences in mean of mannose-binding lectin serum levels between healthy controls and patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis were observed (383 ng/ml ± 249 standard deviation (SD) vs. 316 ng/ml ± 177 SD in remission phase vs. 343 ng/ml ± 254 SD in active phase; p > 0.05), also the allele and genotype frequencies of the studied mannose-binding lectin 2 polymorphisms did not differ significantly between the two groups (p > 0.05, odds ratio (OR): 0.75-1.23). Moreover, the distribution of mannose-binding lectin 2 haplotypes and haplogenotypes was similar in the healthy subjects and patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (p > 0.05, OR: 0.75-1.23). CONCLUSIONS: This study did not confirm the previously reported association of the mannose-binding lectin 2 Gly54Asp gene variant and low mannose-binding lectin serum level as the risk factors for susceptibility to recurrent aphthous stomatitis. In addition, no significant relationships between mannose-binding lectin 2 functional haplotypes or haplogenotypes and recurrent aphthous stomatitis were observed.

• Klíčová slova
• MBL, haplogenotype, haplotype, polymorphism, recurrent aphthous stomatitis,
• MeSH
• aftózní stomatitida * genetika   MeSH
• frekvence genu MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• lektin vázající mannosu MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• lektin vázající mannosu MeSH

• MeSH
• aftózní stomatitida epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH

BACKGROUND: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a multifactorial disease with unclear etiopathogenesis in which disturbance of immunological processes may be involved. The aim of our study was to investigate three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs3806265, rs4612666, rs10754558 in NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3), the gene encoding the component of inflammasome, in patients with RAS and healthy controls in the Czech population. METHODS: A total of 207 subjects were included in this case-control study. Sixty-four patients with RAS and 143 healthy controls were genotyped by a method based on polymerase chain reaction using 5' nuclease TaqMan® assays. Detailed anamnestic, clinical, and laboratory data were obtained from all subjects. RESULTS: The allele and genotype frequencies of NLRP3 polymorphisms (rs10754558 and rs3806265) between both groups were similar. However, statistically significant differences in NLRP3 rs4612666 genotypes between the patients with RAS and controls were found; carriers of the TT genotype had a higher risk of developing RAS than subjects with the CT+CC genotypes (OR = 14.69, 95%CI = 1.73-124.72, P = .004, Pcorr < .05). No associations between NLRP3 haplotypes and RAS were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that the NLRP3 rs4612666 polymorphism may be involved in the development of RAS in the Czech population.

• Klíčová slova
• NLRP3, NOD-like receptor, polymorphism, recurrent aphthous stomatitis,
• MeSH
• aftózní stomatitida genetika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• protein NLRP3 genetika   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• NLRP3 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• protein NLRP3 MeSH

BACKGROUND: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral chronic ulcerative disease in which proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are thought to play an important role. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between polymorphisms in the IL-1 cytokine family, IL-6 or its receptor and RAS in the Czech population. METHODS: A total of 248 subjects, 184 healthy controls, and 64 patients with RAS were genotyped for IL-1A-889C>T, IL-1B-511C>T, IL-1B+3953C>T, IL-1RN86 bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) in intron 2, IL-6-597G>A, IL-6-572G>C, IL-6-174G>C, and IL-6R+48992A>C by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. RESULTS: No significant differences between investigated polymorphisms in healthy subjects and patients with RAS were detected (P>.05). In addition, complex analysis also revealed similar IL-1 or IL-6 haplotype frequencies between both groups (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, IL-1 and IL-6 or its receptor gene variants cannot be used as markers for identification of Czech patients with increased risk of recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

• Klíčová slova
• aphthous stomatitis, case-control study, gene polymorphism, interleukin-1, interleukin-6,
• MeSH
• aftózní stomatitida genetika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetické asociační studie MeSH
• interleukin-1 genetika   MeSH
• interleukin-6 genetika   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• recidiva MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• interleukin-1 MeSH
• interleukin-6 MeSH

BACKGROUND: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is multifactorial disease with unclear etiopathogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine distribution of the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms and their influence on RAS susceptibility in Czech population. METHODS: The study included 230 subjects (143 healthy controls and 87 patients with RAS) with anamnestic, clinical and laboratory data. Five ACE gene polymorphisms (rs4291/rs4305/rs4311/rs4331/rs1799752 = ACE I/D) were determined by TaqMan technique. RESULTS: The allele and genotype distributions of the studied ACE I/D polymorphisms were not significantly different between subjects with/without RAS (Pcorr > 0.05). However, carriers of II genotype were less frequent in the RAS group (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.21-1.12, P = 0.059). Stratified analysis by sex demonstrated lower frequency of II genotype in women (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.09-1.17, P < 0.035, Pcorr > 0.05, respectively) than in men with RAS (P > 0.05). Moreover, the frequency of AGTGD haplotype was significantly increased in RAS patients (OR = 13.74, 95% CI = 1.70-110.79, P = 0.0012, Pcorr < 0.05). In subanalysis, TGD haplotype was significantly more frequent in RAS patients (P < 0.00001) and CGI haplotype was less frequent in RAS patients (P < 0.01), especially in women (P = 0.016, Pcorr > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that while the AGTGD and TGD haplotypes are associated with increased risk of RAS development, CGI haplotype might be one of protective factors against RAS susceptibility in Czech population.

• Klíčová slova
• Angiotensin I converting enzyme, Haplotype, Polymorphism, Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, Sex difference,
• MeSH
• aftózní stomatitida * epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• angiotensin konvertující enzym * genetika   MeSH
• frekvence genu MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ACE protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• angiotensin konvertující enzym * MeSH