The main role of research in medicine is to provide relevant knowledge which, after successful translation to clinical practice, improves the quality of healthcare. The sex bias which is still present in the majority of research disciplines prefers male subjects despite legislation changes in the US grant agencies and European research programme Horizon 2020. Male subjects (cells, animals) still dominate in preclinical research and it has detrimental consequences for women's health and the quality of science. Opposite bias exists for data obtained mainly in animal models utilizing female subjects (e.g. research in multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis) with skewed outcomes for men affected by these diseases. Either way, scientists are producing results which compromise half of the population. Assumptions that females as cohorts are more variable and another assumption that the oestrous cycle should be tracked in case the females are enrolled in preclinical studies were proven wrong. Variability of male versus female cohorts are comparable and do not only stem from hormonal levels. The widespread prevalence of sex differences in human diseases ultimately requires detailed experiments performed on both sexes, unless the studies are specifically addressing reproduction or sex-related behaviors.

• MeSH
• biomedicínský výzkum normy   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• sexismus statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Depression greatly affects sexuality. Theoretical and empirical evidence account for the existence of attention bias to sex-related stimuli. This attention bias might be impaired in depression, resulting in sexual problems. A sample of 13 patients with depression and 13 matched healthy controls were tested using the dot-probe and picture recognition task to measure attention to erotic images. No difference in attention to sex-related stimuli (ω2 = 0, p = 0.22) and in memory bias (ω2 = 0, p = 0.72) was found between the two groups. Explorative analyses were conducted to identify the sexual content-induced delay effect in the data, assess variability differences, and compare trial-level bias score-based indexes between groups. Across all analyses, there was little evidence for depression affecting sexual-related cognitive processing, and even this might be explained by other means. Our results suggest that restrained attention is probably not the main factor behind sexual problems in depression.

• Klíčová slova
• attention bias, depression, dot probe task, recognition, sexual response, sexuality,
• MeSH
• deprese * MeSH
• erotika MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odklon pozornosti * MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) MeSH
• sexuální chování MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Increased lung cancer risks for low socioeconomic status (SES) groups are only partially attributable to smoking habits. Little effort has been made to investigate the persistent risks related to low SES by quantification of potential biases. METHODS: Based on 12 case-control studies, including 18 centers of the international SYNERGY project (16,550 cases, 20,147 controls), we estimated controlled direct effects (CDE) of SES on lung cancer via multiple logistic regression, adjusted for age, study center, and smoking habits and stratified by sex. We conducted mediation analysis by inverse odds ratio weighting to estimate natural direct effects and natural indirect effects via smoking habits. We considered misclassification of smoking status, selection bias, and unmeasured mediator-outcome confounding by genetic risk, both separately and by multiple quantitative bias analyses, using bootstrap to create 95% simulation intervals (SI). RESULTS: Mediation analysis of lung cancer risks for SES estimated mean proportions of 43% in men and 33% in women attributable to smoking. Bias analyses decreased the direct effects of SES on lung cancer, with selection bias showing the strongest reduction in lung cancer risk in the multiple bias analysis. Lung cancer risks remained increased for lower SES groups, with higher risks in men (fourth vs. first [highest] SES quartile: CDE, 1.50 [SI, 1.32, 1.69]) than women (CDE: 1.20 [SI: 1.01, 1.45]). Natural direct effects were similar to CDE, particularly in men. CONCLUSIONS: Bias adjustment lowered direct lung cancer risk estimates of lower SES groups. However, risks for low SES remained elevated, likely attributable to occupational hazards or other environmental exposures.

• MeSH
• analýza mediace MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kouření * epidemiologie   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• logistické modely MeSH
• nádory plic * epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• společenská třída * MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• výběrový bias MeSH
• zkreslení výsledků (epidemiologie) MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This review is a condensed summary of representative articles addressing the sex/gender bias in multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). The strong effects of sex on the incidence and possibly also the activity and progression of these disorders should be implemented in the evaluation of any phase of clinical research and also in treatment choice consideration in clinical practice and evaluation of MRI parameters. Some relationships between clinical variables and gender still remain elusive but with further understanding of sex/gender-related differences, we should be able to provide appropriate patient-centered care and research.

• Klíčová slova
• brain atrophy, disease progression, magnetic resonance imaging, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, pregnancy, sex bias,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• neuromyelitis optica * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• sexismus MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that RhD positive heterozygotes express better health status than RhD positive homozygotes and especially RhD negative subjects. This also applies to pregnant women. According to the Trivers-Willard hypothesis, women in better physical condition should have more sons. AIM: To test the hypothesis that RhD positive heterozygous mothers have a male-skewed sex ratio. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. The data was analysed using Chi-Square test for all women, separately for RhD positive and RhD negative women, and separately for primiparous and multiparous women. The effects of maternal weight as a continuous predictor and the RhD phenotype of newborn as a categorical predictor of newborn sex were evaluated by the generalized linear model (GLZ) separately for RhD positive and RhD negative women using binomial distribution and logit link function. OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical records comprised maternal weight before pregnancy, number of previous deliveries, sex of the newborn, maternal RhD phenotype, and RhD phenotype of the newborn. SUBJECTS: We analysed data from 5655 women who gave birth between 2008 and 2012 in General University Hospital in Prague. RESULTS: Secondary sex ratio was significantly higher (P = 0.028) in RhD positive mothers who had RhD negative newborns, i.e., in heterozygotes (SR = 1.23), than in RhD positive mothers who had RhD positive newborns, i.e., in a mixed population of heterozygotes and homozygotes (SR = 1.00), especially in primiparous women (P = 0.013; SR = 1.37 and 0.99 resp.). CONCLUSION: The sex ratio at birth was significantly higher in RhD positive mothers who had RhD negative newborns than in RhD positive mothers who had RhD positive newborns.

• Klíčová slova
• Frequency-dependent selection, Heterozygote advantage, RhD polymorphism, Sex ratio, Trivers-Willard hypothesis,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• heterozygot * MeSH
• krevní skupiny - systém Rh-Hr genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• poměr pohlaví * MeSH
• porodnost MeSH
• procesy určující pohlaví MeSH
• zkreslení výsledků (epidemiologie) MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• krevní skupiny - systém Rh-Hr MeSH
• Rho(D) antigen MeSH Prohlížeč

The Trivers-Willard Hypothesis (TWH) states that parents in good conditions bias the sex ratio towards sons and parents in poor conditions bias the sex ratio towards daughters. This study used data from a large nationwide population dataset (N=1,401,851) from the Czech Republic - a modern contemporary society. The study included air pollution and property prices in the TWH estimation, and had a more detailed focus on stillbirths than previous studies. Using official natality microdata from the Czech Statistical Office for years between 1992 and 2010 and data on levels of air pollution in the country over the same period, the study assessed whether the biological and socioeconomic status of mothers and environmental factors affected the sex of children. The results were largely insignificant and not robust across specifications. The presented epidemiological evidence suggests that stillbirths are randomly distributed in the Czech Republic and that the sex ratio is not affected by the socioeconomic status of mothers or by environmental characteristics.

• Klíčová slova
• Economic status, Sex ratio, Trivers–Willard hypothesis,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matky MeSH
• narození mrtvého plodu epidemiologie   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• nukleární rodina MeSH
• poměr pohlaví * MeSH
• porod * MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory * MeSH
• společenská třída * MeSH
• zkreslení výsledků (epidemiologie) MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

The Colorado potato beetle (CPB, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Slechtd.) is an invasive pest with economic importance worldwide. Sex ratios during egg-hatching and a frequency of polyandry in single-female families were analysed to clarify the reproduction strategy of CPB, which was still known only in fragments. 1296 just hatching 1st instar CPB larvae were collected from 19 single-female families, of which 13 were random families collected from potato fields and 6 were families produced by laboratory farming of naturally fertilised females. All larvae were analysed to detect a sex using a qPCR-based method and to detect polymorphisms in genotypes of 9 microsatellite (SSR) markers. The bias in sex ratio in favour of females was confirmed using linear mixed-effects model in both experimental groups of families: field collections (F = 36.39; P = 0.0001) and laboratory farming (F = 13.74; P = 0.0139). The analysis of diversity in microsatellites proved the polyandry in all progenies as 73% of analysed segregation patterns did not match with the patterns expected for full-sib progenies; on average per locus, 46% of allelic and 49.7% of genotype ratios showed irregular segregation. Both findings contribute toward understanding CPB success rate as an invasive species, as the preferential bearing of females with polyandry has a great potential to keep fitness of progenies, to maintain and operate population diversity, and to accelerate the reproduction of the pest.

• MeSH
• brouci * genetika   MeSH
• larva genetika   MeSH
• poměr pohlaví MeSH
• rozmnožování genetika   MeSH
• Solanum tuberosum * genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Inflammation is an integral part of defense against most infectious diseases. These pathogen-induced immune responses are in very many instances strongly influenced by host's sex. As a consequence, sexual dimorphisms were observed in susceptibility to many infectious diseases. They are pathogen dose-dependent, and their outcomes depend on pathogen and even on its species or subspecies. Sex may differentially affect pathology of various organs and its influence is modified by interaction of host's hormonal status and genotype: sex chromosomes X and Y, as well as autosomal genes. In this Mini Review we summarize the major influences of sex in human infections and subsequently focus on 22 autosomal genes/loci that modify in a sex-dependent way the response to infectious diseases in mouse models. These genes have been observed to influence susceptibility to viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi and worms. Some sex-dependent genes/loci affect susceptibility only in females or only in males, affect both sexes, but have stronger effect in one sex; still other genes were shown to affect the disease in both sexes, but with opposite direction of effect in females and males. The understanding of mechanisms of sex-dependent differences in the course of infectious diseases may be relevant for their personalized management.

• Klíčová slova
• bacteria, mouse model, parasites, sex influence, sex-bias, sex-dependent gene, susceptibility to infection, viruses,
• MeSH
• bakteriální infekce epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
• helmintóza epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• infekční nemoci epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu genetika   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokus kvantitativního znaku MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mykózy epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• parazitární nemoci epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• pohlavní steroidní hormony fyziologie   MeSH
• rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
• virové nemoci epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• zánět MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• pohlavní steroidní hormony MeSH

Triggers and biological processes controlling male or female gonadal differentiation vary in vertebrates, with sex determination (SD) governed by environmental factors or simple to complex genetic mechanisms that evolved repeatedly and independently in various groups. Here, we review sex evolution across major clades of vertebrates with information on SD, sexual development and reproductive modes. We offer an up-to-date review of divergence times, species diversity, genomic resources, genome size, occurrence and nature of polyploids, SD systems, sex chromosomes, SD genes, dosage compensation and sex-biased gene expression. Advances in sequencing technologies now enable us to study the evolution of SD at broader evolutionary scales, and we now hope to pursue a sexomics integrative research initiative across vertebrates. The vertebrate sexome comprises interdisciplinary and integrated information on sexual differentiation, development and reproduction at all biological levels, from genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes, to the organs involved in sexual and sex-specific processes, including gonads, secondary sex organs and those with transcriptional sex-bias. The sexome also includes ontogenetic and behavioural aspects of sexual differentiation, including malfunction and impairment of SD, sexual differentiation and fertility. Starting from data generated by high-throughput approaches, we encourage others to contribute expertise to building understanding of the sexomes of many key vertebrate species. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part I)'.

• Klíčová slova
• evolution, genomics, reproduction, sex chromosomes, sex determination, vertebrates,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• délka genomu * MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• obratlovci genetika   MeSH
• ovarium růst a vývoj   MeSH
• pohlavní chromozomy genetika   MeSH
• procesy určující pohlaví * MeSH
• sexuální diferenciace genetika   MeSH
• testis růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

Bias-based cyberaggression-hateful and bias-based content and interactions via information and communication technologies-is a frequent experience for young internet users that can result in detrimental consequences for both individuals and society. Ample research has focused on the factors related to involvement in bias-based cyberaggression. This study systematically reviews the research published in the past decade about the investigations into exposure, vicarious and direct victimization, and aggression among young people (up to age 30). We aimed to provide a complex summarization of the research findings about the risk and protective factors and the consequences of experiences with bias-based cyberaggression-specifically the diverse manifestations of bias-based cyberaggression targeted toward ethnicity, race, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, gender, weight, and disability. Three academic databases (EBSCO, Scopus, and WoS) were searched and 41 articles were included in the review. The results show a dominant research focus on bias-based cyberaggression victimization and on the bias-based cyberaggression that targets ethnicity, race, nationality, and religion, leaving a gap in the knowledge about the different types of targeted group categories and bias-based cyberaggression perpetration. The identified risk factors for bias-based cyberaggression involvement included being a minority, low psychological well-being, other victimization experiences, higher internet use, and risky internet use. An overlap was found for bias-based cyberaggression involvement with other offline and online victimization experiences. This review showed limited knowledge about protective factors, namely the social-level and contextual factors. The identified factors, as well as the gaps in the knowledge, are discussed in relation to research implications and practice and policy implications.

• Klíčová slova
• bullying, hate crimes, internet and abuse, youth violence,
• MeSH
• agrese psychologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kyberšikana * psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• oběti zločinu * psychologie   MeSH
• ochranné faktory MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• sexuální chování psychologie   etnologie   MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH