BACKGROUND: The minimum mortality temperature (MMT) or MMT percentile (MMTP) is an indicator of population susceptibility to nonoptimum temperatures. MMT and MMTP change over time; however, the changing directions show region-wide heterogeneity. We examined the heterogeneity of temporal changes in MMT and MMTP across multiple communities and in multiple countries. METHODS: Daily time-series data for mortality and ambient mean temperature for 699 communities in 34 countries spanning 1986-2015 were analyzed using a two-stage meta-analysis. First, a quasi-Poisson regression was employed to estimate MMT and MMTP for each community during the designated subperiods. Second, we pooled the community-specific temporally varying estimates using mixed-effects meta-regressions to examine temporal changes in MMT and MMTP in the entire study population, as well as by climate zone, geographical region, and country. RESULTS: Temporal increases in MMT and MMTP from 19.5 °C (17.9, 21.1) to 20.3 °C (18.5, 22.0) and from the 74.5 (68.3, 80.6) to 75.0 (71.0, 78.9) percentiles in the entire population were found, respectively. Temporal change was significantly heterogeneous across geographical regions (P < 0.001). Temporal increases in MMT were observed in East Asia (linear slope [LS] = 0.91, P = 0.02) and South-East Asia (LS = 0.62, P = 0.05), whereas a temporal decrease in MMT was observed in South Europe (LS = -0.46, P = 0.05). MMTP decreased temporally in North Europe (LS = -3.45, P = 0.02) and South Europe (LS = -2.86, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The temporal change in MMT or MMTP was largely heterogeneous. Population susceptibility in terms of optimum temperature may have changed under a warming climate, albeit with large region-dependent variations.

• Klíčová slova
• Climate change, Heterogeneity, Human adaptation, Minimum mortality temperature, Temporal change,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: To review our experience with morphological developments during the long-term follow-up of patients treated by Gamma Knife radiosurgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. METHOD: Between 1995 and 1999, we treated 14 patients with marginal doses of 24 Gy (n = 6) and 18-20 Gy (n = 8). Nine of these were operated on for insufficient seizure control. We reviewed seizure outcome and magnetic resonance images in both operated and unoperated patients and also re-examined histopathology specimens. RESULTS: Of the nine operated patients, two were Engel IIIA, one was IVA, five were IVB, and one was Engel IVC prior to surgery. At their final visit, five cases had become Engel class IA, one patient was ID, and two were IIC. In one patient the follow-up was not long enough for classification. Of the five unoperated patients, one was Engel class IB, one was IIIA, one IIB and one IVB at their final visit. Radionecrosis developed in 11 patients, occurring more often and earlier in those treated with higher doses. Collateral edema reached outside the temporal lobe in six patients, caused uncal herniation in two and intracranial hypertension in three. During longer follow-up, postnecrotic pseudocysts developed in 9 patients, and postcontrast enhancement persisted for 2.5-16 years after GKRS in all 14 patients. In five of them we detected its progression between 2 and 16 years after treatment. Signs of neoangiogenesis were found in two patients and microbleeds could be seen in five. Histopathology revealed blood vessel proliferation and macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS: Early delayed complications and morphological signs suggesting a risk of development of late delayed complications are frequent after radiosurgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Together with its unproven antiseizure efficacy, these issues should be taken into account when planning future studies of this method.

• Klíčová slova
• Epilepsy surgery, Gamma knife, Mesial temporal sclerosis, Radionecrosis,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epilepsie temporálního laloku chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• radiochirurgie škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• spánkový lalok patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Climate change may contribute to the spatio-temporal occurrence of disasters. Long-term studies of either homogeneous or heterogeneous responses of historical disasters to climate change are, however, limited by the quality and quantity of the available proxy data. Here we reconstruct spatio-temporal patterns of five types of disasters in China during the period AD 1368-1911. Our analyses of these time series reveal that warmer temperatures decreased the occurrence of disasters in the monsoon-affected parts of central-east China, but it increased the frequency and intensity of disasters along the boundary of arid and humid conditions in parts of southwest and northeast China, probably driven by the interplay among monsoon, westerlies, polar vortex and variation of temperature. Moreover, we show that drought and flood events had cascading effects on the occurrences of locust outbreaks, famine and human epidemics. Our findings suggest that climate can contribute to the spatio-temporal occurrence of disasters, and therefore may contribute to an improvement of China's regional to national risk management of future climate and environmental change.

• Klíčová slova
• climate change, disasters, heterogeneous response, monsoon, westerlies,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVE: The study investigated metabolic connectivity (MC) differences between patients with unilateral drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and healthy controls (HCs), based on [18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET data. We focused on the MC changes dependent on the lateralization of the epileptogenic lobe and on correlations with postoperative outcomes. METHODS: FDG-PET scans of 47 patients with unilateral MTLE with histopathologically proven HS and 25 HC were included in the study. All the patients underwent a standard anterior temporal lobectomy and were more than 2 years after the surgery. MC changes were compared between the two HS groups (left HS, right HS) and HC. Differences between the metabolic network of seizure-free and non-seizure-free patients after surgery were depicted afterward. Network changes were correlated with clinical characteristics. RESULTS: The study showed widespread metabolic network changes in the HS patients as compared to HC. The changes were more extensive in the right HS than in the left HS. Unfavorable surgical outcomes were found in patients with decreased MC within the network including both the lesional and contralesional hippocampus, ipsilesional frontal operculum, and contralesional insula. Favorable outcomes correlated with decreased MC within the network involving both orbitofrontal cortices and the ipsilesional temporal lobe. SIGNIFICANCE: There are major differences in the metabolic networks of left and right HS, with more extensive changes in right HS. The changes within the metabolic network could help predict surgical outcomes in patients with HS. MC may identify patients with potentially unfavorable outcomes and direct them to a more detailed presurgical evaluation. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Metabolic connectivity is a promising method for metabolic network mapping. Metabolic networks in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy are dependent on lateralization of the epileptogenic lobe and could predict surgical outcomes.

• Klíčová slova
• mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, metabolic connectivity, positron emission tomography,
• MeSH
• epilepsie temporálního laloku * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• fluorodeoxyglukosa F18 metabolismus   MeSH
• hipokampus chirurgie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• refrakterní epilepsie * MeSH
• spánkový lalok metabolismus   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fluorodeoxyglukosa F18 MeSH

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate cerebral morphological changes in temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS) and their relationship to the cerebellum. METHODS: The study cohort included 21 patients with intractable TLE-HS (14 left-sided, 7 right-sided) and 38 healthy controls (HC). All patients later underwent anteromedial temporal lobe resection. All subjects were examined using a 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Volumes of distinct cerebral and cerebellar structures were measured using voxel-based morphometry. The structural covariance of temporal lobe structures, insula, and thalamus with cerebellar substructures was examined using partial least squares regression. RESULTS: Morphological changes were more significant in the group with left TLE-HS when comparing left-sided with right-sided structures as well as when comparing patients with controls. The gray matter volume (GMV) of the temporal lobe structures was smaller ipsilaterally to the seizure onset side in most cases. There was a significant amygdala enlargement contralateral to the side of hippocampal sclerosis in both patients with right and left TLE-HS as compared with controls. Selected vermian structures in patients with left but not right TLE-HS had significantly larger GMV than the identical substructures in controls. The structural covariance differed significantly between patients with left and right TLE-HS as compared with HC. The analysis revealed significant negative covariance between anterior vermis and mesial temporal structures in the group with left TLE-HS. No significance was observed for the group with right TLE-HS. CONCLUSION: There is significant asymmetry in the GMV of cerebral and cerebellar structures in patients with TLE-HS. Morphological changes are distinctly more pronounced in patients with left TLE-HS. The observed structural covariance between the cerebellum and supratentorial structures in TLE-HS suggests associations beyond the mesial temporal lobe structures and thalamus.

• Klíčová slova
• Amygdala enlargement, Cerebellum, Hippocampal sclerosis, Structural covariance, Temporal lobe epilepsy, Voxel-based morphometry,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epilepsie temporálního laloku diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• hipokampus diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozeček diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• mozková kůra diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• šedá hmota diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• skleróza diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• spánkový lalok diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the ictal EEG in the putamen and the temporal and frontal lobes during contralateral ictal limb dystonia (ID). Ten epilepsy surgery candidates participated in the study. All of them were investigated using intracerebral and/or subdural electrodes. In four of the patients, the putamen was investigated with diagonal depth electrodes (patients 1-4), in six of the patients, both the temporal and frontal lobes were investigated (patients 5-10). All of the investigated contacts were located contralateral to the side of the ictal dystonia. All of the patients suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE); in patient 10, both temporal and frontal seizure types were recorded. A total of 20 complex partial seizures (CPS) were analysed. ID was never an early symptom in the course of CPS. Slow activity was recorded in the putamen in all 10 seizures of the four patients in whom the putamen was investigated (patients 1-4). In five of these seizures, there was a time-locked change in the ictal EEG in relation to the ID (slowing of activity in three seizures; acceleration in two seizures). At the time of the onset of ID, several cortical regions were involved in the ictal discharge, within both the contralateral temporal and frontal lobes. In all 10 seizures of the six patients in whom both the temporal and frontal lobes on the contralateral side were evaluated (patients 5-10), the ictal paroxysmal discharge was noted in both lobes (i.e. frontal and temporal) at the time of ID onset. We can conclude that ID is a late symptom in TLE. Widespread activation of the contralateral temporal and frontal lobes is needed for the appearance of ID; however, the critical region responsible for the genesis of ID was not revealed. Although there are some non-specific changes in the putamen contralateral to ID, the changes were never epileptic in type. The putamen probably collaborates in the genesis of ID, but it does not generate the epileptic discharge during its course.

• MeSH
• amygdala patofyziologie   MeSH
• bazální ganglia patofyziologie   MeSH
• čelní lalok patofyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dystonie etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• elektroencefalografie * MeSH
• epilepsie temporálního laloku komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• funkční lateralita fyziologie   MeSH
• hipokampus patofyziologie   MeSH
• implantované elektrody MeSH
• končetiny patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• putamen patofyziologie   MeSH
• spánkový lalok patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Changes of brain morphology are now considered as a part of the pathology of schizophrenia. Voxel-based morphometry may be used to study regional changes of the grey matter in the whole brain. It is advantageous to study first-episode patients to prevent the influence of many possible biasing factors when trying to identify primary pathological processes underlying the manifestation of the illness. OBJECTIVE: To investigate regional grey matter changes in the first-episode schizophrenia patients. METHODS: Optimized voxel-based morphometry was used to detect changes in grey matter volume in 22 patients with first-episode schizophrenia compared with 18 healthy volunteers of comparable age, gender and handedness. RESULTS: The first-episode schizophrenia group had significantly reduced grey matter volume in the prefrontal cortex (inferior and middle prefrontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus). We identified no differences in the temporal cortex. CONCLUSION: Our data support the theoretical assumption that prefrontal dysfunction underlines the primary pathology and clinical manifestation of schizophrenia. We are inclined to explain the differences in the pattern of morphological changes reported in other first-episode studies--especially the lack of changes in the temporal cortex--by heterogeneity of schizophrenia, potential progression and antipsychotic medication effect.

• MeSH
• antipsychotika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• funkční lateralita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• prefrontální mozková kůra patologie   MeSH
• psychiatrické posuzovací škály MeSH
• schizofrenie klasifikace   farmakoterapie   patologie   MeSH
• spánkový lalok patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antipsychotika MeSH

Age-related hearing loss is manifested primarily by a decreased sensitivity to faint sounds, that is, by elevation of the hearing thresholds. Nevertheless, aging also affects the ability of the auditory system to process temporal parameters of the sound stimulus. To explore the precision and reliability of auditory temporal processing during aging, responses to several types of sound stimuli were recorded from neurons of the auditory cortex (AC) of young and aged anaesthetized Fischer 344 rats. In response to broad-band noise bursts, the aged rats exhibited larger response magnitudes, a higher proportion of monotonic units, and also a larger variability of response magnitudes, suggesting a lower stability of the rate code. Of primary interest were the responses to temporally structured stimuli (amplitude-modulated (AM) noise, frequency-modulated (FM) tones, and click trains) recorded separately in the right and left AC. Significant differences of temporal processing were already found between the neuronal responses in the left and right AC in the young animals: for the click trains, the left hemisphere exhibited a greater responsiveness to higher repetition rates, lower vector strength values, and a lower similarity of responses. The two hemispheres were also affected differently by aging. In the right hemisphere, neurons in the aged animals displayed worse synchronization with the AM noise and clicks, but better synchronization with the FM tone. In the left hemisphere, neuronal synchronization with the stimulus modulation improved at a higher age for all three stimuli. The results show that the ability of the aging auditory system to process temporal parameters of the stimulus strongly depends on the stimulus type and on laterality. Furthermore, the commonly reported age-related decline in the temporal processing ability cannot be regarded as general as, at least at the neuronal level in the AC, objective measures of the temporal representation often exhibit age-related improvement instead of deterioration.

• Klíčová slova
• Aging, Auditory system, Rate code, Synchronization, Temporal processing,
• MeSH
• akustická stimulace MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• potkani inbrední F344 MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• sluchové korové centrum * MeSH
• vnímání času * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVE: We investigated cognitive task-related functional connectivity (FC) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Using a visual three-stimulus paradigm (VTSP), we studied cognitive large-scale networks and the impact of TLE on connectivity outside the temporal lobe. METHODS: High-density electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded during the paradigm from nineteen patients with epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and ten healthy controls (HCs). Scalp data were reconstructed into the source space, and FC was computed. Correlating with the neuropsychological data, possible compensatory mechanisms were investigated. RESULTS: Significant changes were found in the FC of regions outside the epileptogenic network, particularly in the attentional network. These changes were more widespread in left TLE (LTLE). There were no significant differences in task performance (accuracy, time response) in comparison with HCs, implying that there must be some mechanism reducing the impact of connectivity changes on brain functions. When correlated with neuropsychological data, we found stronger compensatory mechanisms in right TLE (RTLE). SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings confirm the hypothesis that LTLE is the more pervasive form of the disease. Even though the network alterations in TLE are severe, some mechanisms reduce the impact of epilepsy on cognitive functions; these mechanisms are more potent in RTLE. We also suggest that there are maladaptive mechanisms in LTLE.

• Klíčová slova
• Cognitive network, Functional connectivity, High-density EEG, Temporal lobe epilepsy,
• MeSH
• epilepsie temporálního laloku * komplikace   MeSH
• funkční lateralita MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Species attributes are commonly used to infer impacts of environmental change on multiyear species trends, e.g. decadal changes in population size. However, by themselves attributes are of limited value in global change attribution since they do not measure the changing environment. A broader foundation for attributing species responses to global change may be achieved by complementing an attributes-based approach by one estimating the relationship between repeated measures of organismal and environmental changes over short time scales. To assess the benefit of this multiscale perspective, we investigate the recent impact of multiple environmental changes on European farmland birds, here focusing on climate change and land use change. We analyze more than 800 time series from 18 countries spanning the past two decades. Analysis of long-term population growth rates documents simultaneous responses that can be attributed to both climate change and land-use change, including long-term increases in populations of hot-dwelling species and declines in long-distance migrants and farmland specialists. In contrast, analysis of annual growth rates yield novel insights into the potential mechanisms driving long-term climate induced change. In particular, we find that birds are affected by winter, spring, and summer conditions depending on the distinct breeding phenology that corresponds to their migratory strategy. Birds in general benefit from higher temperatures or higher primary productivity early on or in the peak of the breeding season with the largest effect sizes observed in cooler parts of species' climatic ranges. Our results document the potential of combining time scales and integrating both species attributes and environmental variables for global change attribution. We suggest such an approach will be of general use when high-resolution time series are available in large-scale biodiversity surveys.

• Klíčová slova
• citizen science, climate change, farmland birds, global change attribution, land-use change, multiple temporal scales, multiscale inference, population time series,
• MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• hustota populace MeSH
• klimatické změny * MeSH
• migrace zvířat MeSH
• ptáci * MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• rozmnožování MeSH
• teoretické modely * MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH