Vehicle Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
This article deals with the design and construction of a robotic vehicle. The first part of the paper focuses on the selection of suitable variants for the robotic vehicle arrangement, i.e., frame, electric motors with gearboxes, wheels, steering and accumulators. Based on the selection of individual components, the robotic vehicle was built. An important part of the robotic vehicle was the design of the suspension of the front wheels. The resulting shape of the springs was experimentally developed from several design variants and subsequently produced by an additive manufacturing process. The last part of article is devoted to the experimental measurement of the acceleration transfer to the upper part of the frame during the passage of the robotic vehicle over differently arranged obstacles. Experimental measurements measured the accelerations that are transferred to the top of the robotic vehicle frame when the front wheels of the vehicle cross over the obstacle (obstacles). The maximum acceleration values are 0.0588 m/s2 in the x-axis, 0.0149 m/s2 in the y-axis and 0.5755 m/s2 in the z-axis. This experimental solution verifies the stiffness of the designed frame and the damping effect of the selected material of the designed springs on the front wheels of the robotic vehicle.
- Klíčová slova
- accumulators, electric motors, robotic vehicle, steering, vibration,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Vehicle classification (VC) is an underlying approach in an intelligent transportation system and is widely used in various applications like the monitoring of traffic flow, automated parking systems, and security enforcement. The existing VC methods generally have a local nature and can classify the vehicles if the target vehicle passes through fixed sensors, passes through the short-range coverage monitoring area, or a hybrid of these methods. Using global positioning system (GPS) can provide reliable global information regarding kinematic characteristics; however, the methods lack information about the physical parameter of vehicles. Furthermore, in the available studies, smartphone or portable GPS apparatuses are used as the source of the extraction vehicle's kinematic characteristics, which are not dependable for the tracking and classification of vehicles in real time. To deal with the limitation of the available VC methods, potential global methods to identify physical and kinematic characteristics in real time states are investigated. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are networks of intelligent interconnected vehicles that can provide traffic parameters such as type, velocity, direction, and position of each vehicle in a real time manner. In this study, VANETs are introduced for VC and their capabilities, which can be used for the above purpose, are presented from the available literature. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that introduces VANETs for VC purposes. Finally, a comparison is conducted that shows that VANETs outperform the conventional techniques.
- Klíčová slova
- global positioning system, light detection and ranging, radar, ultrasonic, vehicle classification, vehicular ad hoc networks, video images, weight-in-motion,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
This paper assesses the impact of vehicle emissions on energy stores in assimilation organs of five plant species on plots at different distances from the highway. On more remote plots (500 m away from the road) with lower level of pollutants there was a significant increase in the amount of energy in leaves of Negundo aceroides, Quercus rubra and Anthriscus sylvestris. The increase of energy in Quercus cerris was negligible and in the case of Fraxinus excelsior was even recorded a decrease in energy store. The tightness of the relationships between energy accumulated in plant leaves and the distance from the highway was as follows: N. aceroides > Q. cerris > Q. rubra > A. sylvestris. The most suitable for energy biomonitoring appear N. aceroides and A. sylvestris, which in the period of full highway operation bound significantly less energy than before its construction. Q. cerris have demonstrated greater ability to accumulate energy on Cambisols, F. excelsior on Fluvisols.
- Klíčová slova
- Energy stores, Plants, Pollution, Road traffic,
- MeSH
- dub (rod) fyziologie MeSH
- listy rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
- motorová vozidla * MeSH
- rostliny * MeSH
- výfukové emise vozidel analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- výfukové emise vozidel MeSH
PURPOSE: The work is aimed at the description and study of the hydration effect of different active substances (hyaluronic acid, sericin, glycerol, and urea) incorporated in two different vehicles commonly used for compounding pharmaceutical ingredients, gel, and emulsion. METHODS: The effects of the formulations were investigated by instrumental methods in vivo after their administration to the skin of volar forearms in a group of 20 healthy volunteers (women, mean age of 28 years). Hydration effect was observed by corneometry and barrier properties (TEWL) by tewametr at regular time intervals (1-26 h) after application of the prepared samples. RESULTS: The results indicate that the active substances incorporated in the emulsion moisturize the skin better compared to the same substances contained in the gel. Furthermore, it was found that these ingredients, whether they are present in the emulsion or in the gel, prevent TEWL in a similar manner. CONCLUSION: The study showed that differences exist among the tested active ingredients in their ability to moisturize the skin. These differences are dependent not only on the type and concentration of the active substance used but also on the type of vehicle in which they are applied. It was also found that the active substances influence the viscosity of the prepared formulations.
- Klíčová slova
- TEWL, active substances, hydration, rheology, vehicle,
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- emulze chemie MeSH
- farmaceutická vehikula chemie MeSH
- gely chemie MeSH
- kožní absorpce účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- perspiratio insensibilis účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- pleťový krém aplikace a dávkování chemie MeSH
- příprava léků metody MeSH
- tělesná voda metabolismus MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky kontrolované MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- emulze MeSH
- farmaceutická vehikula MeSH
- gely MeSH
This paper deals with the problem of vertical oscillation of rail and road vehicles under symmetrical and asymmetrical loading and symmetrical and asymmetrical kinematic excitation. The term asymmetry is understood as the asymmetric distribution of vehicle mass and elastic and dissipative elements with respect to the axes of geometric symmetry, including asymmetric kinematic excitation. The various models used (spatial, planar, quarter-plane) are discussed and their analytical solutions are outlined. The theory of the spatial model is applied to the chassis of a model railway vehicle. The basic relations for the calculation of the equations of motion of this vehicle are given. In the next section, the experimental solution of a four-axle platform rail car is described and the measurements of vertical displacement and accelerations when crossing wedges (representing unevenness) are given.
- Klíčová slova
- experimental results, kinematic excitation, motion equations, symmetry and asymmetry loading, vehicle model,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Bridges are designed to withstand different types of loads, including dead, live, environmental, and occasional loads during their service period. Moving vehicles are the main source of the applied live load on bridges. The applied load to highway bridges depends on several traffic parameters such as weight of vehicles, axle load, configuration of axles, position of vehicles on the bridge, number of vehicles, direction, and vehicle's speed. The estimation of traffic loadings on bridges are generally notional and, consequently, can be excessively conservative. Hence, accurate prediction of the in-service performance of a bridge structure is very desirable and great savings can be achieved through the accurate assessment of the applied traffic load in existing bridges. In this paper, a review is conducted on conventional vehicle-based health monitoring methods used for bridges. Vision-based, weigh in motion (WIM), bridge weigh in motion (BWIM), drive-by and vehicle bridge interaction (VBI)-based models are the methods that are generally used in the structural health monitoring (SHM) of bridges. The performance of vehicle-assisted methods is studied and suggestions for future work in this area are addressed, including alleviating the downsides of each approach to disentangle the complexities, and adopting intelligent and autonomous vehicle-assisted methods for health monitoring of bridges.
The preparation of the fuel mixture of a conventional internal combustion engine is currently controlled exclusively electronically. In order for the electrical management of an internal combustion engine to function properly, it is necessary that all its electronic components work flawlessly and fulfill their role. Failure of these electronic components can cause incorrect fuel mixture preparation and also affect driving safety. Due to the effect of individual failures, it has a negative impact on road safety and also negatively affects other participants. The task of the research is to investigate the effect of the failure of electronic engine components on the selected operating characteristics of a vehicle. The purpose of this article is to specify the extent to which a failure of an electronic engine component may affect the operation of a road vehicle. Eight failures of electronic systems (sensors and actuators) were simulated on a specific vehicle, with a petrol internal combustion engine. Measurements were performed in laboratory conditions, the purpose of which was to quantify the change in the operating characteristics of the vehicle between the faulty and fault-free state. The vehicle performance parameters and the production of selected exhaust emission components were determined for selected vehicle operating characteristics. The results show that in the normal operation of vehicles, there are situations where a failure in the electronic system of the engine has a significant impact on its operating characteristics and, at the same time, some of these failures are not identifiable by the vehicle operator. The findings of the publication can be used in the drafting of legislation, in the field of production and operation of road vehicles, and also in the mathematical modeling of the production of gaseous emissions by road transport.
- Klíčová slova
- air pollution, electrical management, emission inspection, emissions, engine power, fault codes, vehicle safety,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
We applied a generalized linear mixed-effects model to determine the factors leading to injuries from wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs). We used the Police database representing WVCs which took place on the Czech road network between 2009 and 2022. The majority of WVCs in Czechia are with roe deer, followed by wild boar, i.e., both relatively small ungulates. Less than 2 % of these encounters ends with an injury to the motor vehicle occupants. We found that the probability of sustaining injury was systematically higher for motorcyclists than for car occupants. The odds of sustaining an injury during WVC were roughly 1600 times higher for motorcyclists than for car occupants. When applying an evading manoeuvre, the odds of sustaining an injury were approximately 68 times higher for car occupants while only 2.3 times higher for motorcyclists compared to a direct hit to an animal. The lack of helmets (for motorcyclists) and missing seat belts (for car occupants) were additional factors which made the outcomes worse for WVCs. While the acceptance of a direct hit (preceded by braking) seems to be a reasonable strategy for car drivers, WVC awareness (including maintaining a lower speed during critical times and places) should be raised among motorcyclists as both manoeuvres are almost comparably dangerous for them.
- Klíčová slova
- Evading manoeuvre, Helmet, Roe deer, Seat belt, Traffic crash, Wild boar,
- MeSH
- bezpečnostní pásy sedadel MeSH
- divoká zvířata MeSH
- dopravní nehody MeSH
- motorová vozidla MeSH
- rány a poranění * MeSH
- vysoká zvěř * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
A rare case of serious non-fatal pedestrian-motor vehicle accident in the constructions sector is described, leading to severe orthopedic trauma and disability. A 49-year-old male worker was admitted to the orthopedic department due to reported occupational injury. The accident occurred at the workplace during the construction of a cycling road, where the victim as pedestrian was referred to be crashed by a motor vehicle at his left lower extremity. He consequently fell on the ground and the vehicle drifted his whole limb with its caterpillar. The patient bore occupational trauma with extensive avulsion and degloving injury of the left lower extremity, extensive hematoma formation of the extreme foot, subtalar and tarsometatarsal dislocation, open fracture of the ankle joint, intraarticular calcaneal fracture, potential vascular injury (segmentation) of the posterior tibial artery, while peroneal and dorsalis pedis arteries were identified intact in Doppler examination of the lower limb. Construction industry is one of the most hazardous industries, concerning the occupational fatality rates. Occupational injury is the leading cause of morbidity in the employed population and adversely affects productivity. Forensic evaluation focuses on the mechanism and biomechanics of the injury and enlightens the potential contribution of external factors. The forensic approach adds to the understanding of a single occupational incident and, thus, the establishment of more effective preventive strategies and the improvement of safety regulations at workplace.
- Klíčová slova
- Occupational Risks, biomechanics, working environment, workplace,
- MeSH
- dopravní nehody MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- motorová vozidla MeSH
- otevřené fraktury * MeSH
- pracovní nehody prevence a kontrola MeSH
- pracovní úrazy * etiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
With an increasing number of lipophilic drugs under development, homolipids and heterolipids have gained renewed interests as excipients for oral drug delivery systems. Oral administration has many advantages for chronic drug therapy. It is relatively safe, convenient for the patient and allows self administration. This article is not intended to review the broad area of lipid-based vehicle for oral drug delivery comprehensively. The rationale behind choosing lipids materials for pharmaceutical dosage forms and their applications is discussed. It also comments on the methods for monitoring the physicochemical properties of vehicles and formulations and describes a range of pharmacopoeial excipients suitable for these purposes. The excipients selected here are pharmacopoeial in European Pharmacopoeia 4th Ed., United States Pharmacopoeia 24th Ed./National Formulary 19th Ed. and Japanese Pharmacopoeia 13th Ed. or are drafted in Pharmaeuropa and Pharmacopoeial Forum. Widening availability of lipidic excipients with specific characteristics offer flexibility of application with respect to improving the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs and manipulating release profiles.
- MeSH
- aplikace orální MeSH
- farmaceutická vehikula * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipidy * MeSH
- pomocné látky * MeSH
- systémy cílené aplikace léků * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- farmaceutická vehikula * MeSH
- lipidy * MeSH
- pomocné látky * MeSH
