Cieľ práce: Cieľom práce je čitateľovi poskytnúť prehľad súčasných poznatkov z diagnostiky a screeningu gestačného diabetes mellitus (GDM). Typ štúdie: Prehľadový článok. Metodika štúdie: Analýza publikácií vyhľadaných v databázach PubMed a SCOPE a v odborných medicínskych časopisoch. Záver: Ako GDM je označená každá porucha metabolizmu glukózy prvýkrát diagnostikovaná počas gravidity, pričom nie je známe, že by bola prítomná pred koncepciou. Predstavuje najčastejšiu internú komplikáciu v gravidite. Incidencia GDM celosvetovo stúpa spolu so zmenou životného štýlu, nárastom obezity a odkladaním gravidity do neskoršieho veku. Vzhľadom k závažnosti komplikácií liečeného aj neliečeného GDM a stúpajúcej incidencii vzniká potreba neustále prehodnocovať a zdokonaľovať diagnostické kritériá. Z tohto vyplýva neustála snaha o vytvorenie univerzálne aplikovateľného screeningu. Ten by mal byť efektívny a viesť k odhaleniu poruchy iba u žien, u ktorých cielenou intervenciou môžeme znížiť riziko tehotenských a perinatálnych komplikácií. KĽÚČOVÉ SLOVÁ: gestačný diabetes mellitus, screening, diagnostické kritériá, orálny glukózovo tolerančný test, oGTT.

• MeSH
• gestační diabetes diagnóza   MeSH
• glukózový toleranční test MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plošný screening * MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• krevní glukóza MeSH

PURPOSE: Fecal immunochemical test (FIT) once a year or colonoscopy once in 10 years is the option approved for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening for asymptomatic individuals aged ≥ 50 years in the Czech Republic. We analyzed participation in the screening program to determine possible improvements. METHODS: In this observational cross-sectional study, data were collected from 4044 randomly chosen individuals from the Czech population (1866 men, 2178 women) aged ≥ 50 years by questionnaires. Individuals who underwent colonoscopy within the last 10 years or/and FIT within the last 2 years were classified as participants in the screening. RESULTS: 1050 individuals underwent FIT, 464 colonoscopy, and 558 underwent both. Adjusted for age, gender, and education, a higher chance of participation in the screening was observed in groups of non-smokers (OR = 1.25; CI 1.05-1.48), ex-smokers (OR = 1.51; CI 1.26-1.83), consuming smoked meat products less than once a week (OR = 1.26; CI 1.09-1.45), practicing physical activity at least once a week (OR = 1.25; CI 1.03-1.51), hospitalized in the past 12 months (OR = 1.73; CI 1.47-2.05), or consulting a general practitioner (GP) in the past 12 months (OR = 2.26; CI 1.87-2.74). The chance of participation of individuals having a risk factor for CRC (obesity, smoking, diabetes, low physical activity, alcohol drinking) was not higher compared to those without the risk factors. CONCLUSION: Individuals with a tendency to a healthy lifestyle or being in recent contact with the healthcare system by various means, mainly visiting a GP, had a higher participation in the screening for CRC. Among groups with an increased risk for CRC, higher participation was not shown.

• Klíčová slova
• Alcohol drinking, Diabetes, Obesity, Physical activity, Screening, Smoking,
• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru * MeSH
• kolonoskopie MeSH
• kolorektální nádory * diagnóza   epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plošný screening MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH

Alcohol is an important risk factor for development of numerous chronic diseases and it is a cause of 3 million deaths worldwide every year. The Czech Republic is one of the countries with highest alcohol consumption per capita in the world. AUDIT and CAGE are examples of fast and easy screening tools for early diagnostics of patients at risk that help in estimating a level of risk related to patients drinking. The screening is followed by simple advice for risk drinking and brief intervention for harmful drinking, based on the estimated level of risk. This approach is an easy and effective prevention measure to reduce risk and harmful alcohol drinking and prevent further progression of drinking. Implementation of this approach into routine clinical practice can be a significant step in reducing alcohol consumption in the Czech population.

• Klíčová slova
• alcohol, brief intervention, early diagnostics, harmful drinking, mass screening, risk drinking, screening,
• MeSH
• alkoholismus * diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• ethanol MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pití alkoholu * epidemiologie   MeSH
• plošný screening MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ethanol MeSH

OBJECTIVE: The implementation of antenatal screening for Down's syndrome at 10-13. week using nuchal translucency, maternal serum free subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin and the mother's age. DESIGN: Nuchal translucency scan (NT) and serum free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin subunit (FB hCG) were measured at 283 consecutive pregnant women booked at the same antenatal care facility between 10-13. gestational week. SETTING: Antenatal screening center Klimentska, Prague. METHODS: Medians of both markers according to gestational age as well as retrospective combined risk of Down's syndrome were assessed. RESULTS: 95 per cent of NT measurements was below 1.77 multiples of median. 95 per cent of FB hCG measurements was below 1.88 multiples of median. Combined risk higher than 1/300 had 1 per cent mothers (total 3 screen positive results). CONCLUSION: The results of this pilot study serve for implementation of screening for Down's syndrome at 10-13. week as well as for integration of both first and second trimester screening systems.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• Downův syndrom diagnóza   MeSH
• krk diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidský choriogonadotropin, beta podjednotka krev   MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• prenatální diagnóza * MeSH
• první trimestr těhotenství MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ultrasonografie prenatální MeSH
• věk matky MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• lidský choriogonadotropin, beta podjednotka MeSH

In a group of 5382 examined pregnant women the authors demonstrate the results of systematic prenatal screening of Down's syndrome. From the results it is apparent that it is essential to supplement each examination of alpha-fetoprotein by assessment of total HCG which is considered a parameter of greater impact for prediction of chromosomal aberrations. Since the beginning of 1993 all examinations were evaluated, using the commercial software ALPHA; its advantage is in particular that it expresses the overall risk due to age and two parameters assessed by laboratory tests and the reduction of the magnitude of the risk group to the acceptable level of 6.6%.

• MeSH
• alfa-fetoproteiny analýza   MeSH
• choriogonadotropin analýza   MeSH
• diagnóza počítačová MeSH
• Downův syndrom diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prenatální diagnóza * MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alfa-fetoproteiny MeSH
• choriogonadotropin MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major health burden. Although screening is recommended and considered beneficial, further data on its positive effects are needed for worldwide implementation. STUDY DESIGN: The aim of our national multicentre prospective observational study was to reveal and document clinicopathological differences in CRC diagnosed by screening and presented by disease symptoms as well as assess the efficiency of the screening programme in the Czech Republic. METHODS: Between March 2013 and September 2015, a total of 265 patients were enrolled in 12 gastroenterology centres across the Czech Republic. Patients were divided into screening and symptomatic groups and compared for pathology status and clinical characteristics. Screening was defined as a primary screening colonoscopy or a colonoscopy after a positive faecal occult blood test in an average-risk population. RESULTS: The distribution of CRC stages was significantly (statistically and clinically) favourable in the screening group (predominance of stages 0, I and II) compared with the non-screening group (P < 0.001). The presence of distant and local metastases was significantly less frequent in the screening group than in the symptomatic group (P < 0.001). Patients in the screening group had a higher probability of radical surgery (R0) than those diagnosed based on symptoms (P < 0.001). Systemic palliative treatment was indicated in two patients in the screening group compared with 23 patients in the non-screening group (P = 0.018). CONCLUSION: CRC diagnosed by screening disclosed less advanced clinicopathological characteristics and results in patients with a higher probability of radical surgery (R0) than diagnoses established based on symptoms, with subsequent management differing accordingly between both groups. These results advocate the implementation of a suitable worldwide screening programme.

• Klíčová slova
• Cancer stage, Colorectal cancer, Metastasis, Resection margins, Screening,
• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru * MeSH
• kolonoskopie MeSH
• kolorektální nádory diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• okultní krev MeSH
• plošný screening metody   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

The study presents the results of follow-up of a male population born between 1916-1935, living in a city district of Leningrad in 1975. The first epidemiological examination, designed to detect ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and its risk factors included 3,907 men. Repeated screening using the same protocol was conducted, at a 7-8 year interval, in 2,160 men. During the first screening, IHD was diagnosed in 461 persons; in 34.5% of them, according to the results of the second screening, IHD had a "stable course"; in 24.3% the second screening did not confirm the presence of IHD and 18.0% died of IHD complications in the meantime. A group of new non-fatal cases of IHD has been identified (13.9%). An analysis of the association between the course of IHD and the presence of risk factors has shown that while, in the group without the three main risk factors, the incidence was 6.0 +/- 2/1000 man-years, the respective figure was 41.2 +/- 7.3 in the group with the three risk factors present.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hyperlipoproteinemie prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• hypertenze prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• infarkt myokardu mortalita   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• koronární nemoc mortalita   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• plošný screening * MeSH
• prevence kouření MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• SSSR MeSH

AIM: Cervical cancer mortality is high in Hungary, with more than 400 deaths per annum. In 2003, a national cervical cancer screening programme was launched to provide screening services for women who otherwise would not use services themselves. The aim of this survey was to study the socioeconomic and lifestyle factors related to participation in the organised cervical cancer screening programme. METHODS: A questionnaire-based health survey was conducted using a representative sample of women from 25-65 years of age in 11 Hungarian counties. A logistic regression analysis was used to study the association between participation in the screening programme and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. RESULTS: 74% (95% CI: 70-77%) of the target population underwent a screening examination within the previous three years. Only 15% (95% CI: 5-35%) of the women, who received an invitation letter and took part in the organised screening programme, had never been previously examined by gynaecologist. The participation rates decreased significantly (p<0.05) for those subjects aged >44 years, retired, participants with low income, living in small settlements, and reported to be heavy smokers. CONCLUSION: Although the overall proportion of Hungary's population that undergoes regular screening for cervical cancer is not low, the organised national cancer screening programme was ineffective in engaging women not regularly visiting their gynaecologist for examination.

• Klíčová slova
• Hungary, cervical cancer screening, socioeconomic factors,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory děložního čípku diagnóza   MeSH
• plošný screening * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• zapojení pacienta statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Maďarsko MeSH

DESIGN: Review article. SETTING: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Olomouc; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Palacky University Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Olomouc; The Institute for the Care of Mother and Child and 3rd Faculty of Medicine Charles University, Prague; G-CENTRUM Olomouc, Olomouc; Genetika Plzeň, Pilsen. Methods, results: Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystem disorder complicating pregnancy. It is the leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Recent studies have shown that high-risk pregnant women may benefit from low-dose acetylsalicylic acid early therapy in prevention of the development of severe forms of the disease. The risk group of pregnant women should be identified in 11-13 gestational week for effective prevention. The only procedure validated in many studies for performing PE screening with sufficient diagnostic accuracy in the first trimester of pregnancy is given by The Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) and has been adopted and published in a new recommendation by The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). CONCLUSION: This article summarizes the recent findings and recommendation for performing screening of preeclampsia in 1st trimester of pregnancy and how to prevent the development of severe forms of PE by low-dose acetylsalicylic acid therapy.

• Klíčová slova
• Mean Arterial Pressure, Placental Growth Factor, Uterine artery Pulsatility Index, acetylsalicylic acid, maternal risk factors, parameters, prediction, preeclampsia, prevention,
• MeSH
• Aspirin aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plošný screening metody   MeSH
• preeklampsie krev   diagnóza   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• prenatální péče MeSH
• první trimestr těhotenství MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• Aspirin MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH

Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is under-recognized and under-treated in Europe leading to significantly higher risk for premature heart disease in those affected. As treatment beginning early in life is highly effective in preventing heart disease and cost-effective in these patients, screening for FH is crucial. It has therefore now been recognized by the European Commission Public Health Best Practice Portal as an effective strategy. Model programmes exist in Europe to identify young individuals with FH, which are based on cascade screening of first-degree relatives of affected individuals, universal screening for high cholesterol, opportunistic screening of high-risk individuals, or a combination of the above approaches. Recommendations presented herein to improve identification of FH emphasize that every country should have an FH screening programme. These programmes should be adapted from existing strategies to best fit the individual country's healthcare system, governments should provide financial support for these programmes and related care, and further research to optimize care and implementations should be conducted.

• Klíčová slova
• Cholesterol, Familial hypercholesterolaemia, LDL cholesterol, Myocardial infarction, Preventive cardiology,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• genetické testování MeSH
• hyperlipoproteinemie typ II * diagnóza   epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• LDL-cholesterol MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci srdce * MeSH
• plošný screening MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• veřejná politika MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• LDL-cholesterol MeSH