Alcohol is an important risk factor for development of numerous chronic diseases and it is a cause of 3 million deaths worldwide every year. The Czech Republic is one of the countries with highest alcohol consumption per capita in the world. AUDIT and CAGE are examples of fast and easy screening tools for early diagnostics of patients at risk that help in estimating a level of risk related to patients drinking. The screening is followed by simple advice for risk drinking and brief intervention for harmful drinking, based on the estimated level of risk. This approach is an easy and effective prevention measure to reduce risk and harmful alcohol drinking and prevent further progression of drinking. Implementation of this approach into routine clinical practice can be a significant step in reducing alcohol consumption in the Czech population.

• Klíčová slova
• alcohol, brief intervention, early diagnostics, harmful drinking, mass screening, risk drinking, screening,
• MeSH
• alkoholismus * diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• ethanol MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pití alkoholu * epidemiologie   MeSH
• plošný screening MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ethanol MeSH

Rehabilitation of aged drinking water pipes is an extensive renovation and increasingly topical in many European cities. Spray-on-lining of drinking water pipes is an alternative cost-effective rehabilitation technology in which the insides of pipes are relined with organic polymer. A commonly used polymer is epoxy resin consisting of monomer bisphenol A (BPA). Leaching of BPA from epoxy lining to drinking water has been a concern among public and authorities. Currently epoxy lining is not recommended in some countries. BPA leaching has been demonstrated in laboratory studies but the behavior and ageing process of epoxy lining in situ is not well known. In this study 6 locations with different age epoxy linings of drinking water pipes done using two distinct technologies were studied. While bisphenol F, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-t-octylphenol were rarely found and in trace concentrations, BPA was detected in majority of samples. Pipes lined with the older technology (LSE) leached more BPA than those with more recent technology (DonPro): maxima in cold water were 0.25 μg/L and 10 ng/L, respectively. Incubation of water in pipes 8-10 h prior to sampling increased BPA concentration in cold water 1.1-43-fold. Hot water temperature caused even more BPA leaching - at maximum 23.5 μg/L. The influence of ageing of epoxy lining on BPA leaching on could be shown in case of LSE technology: locations with 8-9 years old lining leached 4-20-fold more BPA compared to a location with 2-year-old lining. Analysis of metals showed that epoxy lining can reduce especially iron concentration in water. No significant burden to water could be shown by the analyzed 72 volatile organic compounds, including epichlorhydrin, precursor used in epoxy resin. Estrogenicity was detected in water samples with the highest BPA loads. Comparable responses of two yeast bioreporters (estrogen receptor α and BPA-targeted) indicated that bisphenol-like compounds were the main cause of estrogenicity. Compared to the estimated average daily BPA exposure, additional BPA load via cold drinking water in the studied locations was low, maximum 8.7%. However, hot water should also be considered as exposure source due to higher BPA concentrations. Epoxy lined locations should be monitored in future in order to evaluate ageing process and control increasing leaching of potentially harmful chemicals.

• Klíčová slova
• Bisphenol A, Drinking water, Epoxy resin, Spray-on-lining, Water pipe,
• MeSH
• benzhydrylové sloučeniny MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• epoxidové pryskyřice * MeSH
• fenoly chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pitná voda chemie   MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH
• znečištění vody MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• velkoměsta MeSH
• Názvy látek
• benzhydrylové sloučeniny MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• epoxidové pryskyřice * MeSH
• fenoly MeSH
• pitná voda MeSH

Binge-drinking is very prevalent and potentially harmful, yet very little is known about the specificity of its effects on behavior and the underlying neurophysiologic mechanisms. While it is generally accepted that alcohol impairs top-down cognitive control and conflict monitoring, it has remained unclear whether this also applies to subliminally triggered conflicts, as alcohol may not impair automated processes to the same extent. To investigate this, we used a within-subjects design in a sample of n = 22 healthy young male subjects who performed a complex response conflict paradigm while an EEG was recorded. Behavioral data showed that a binge-like intoxication of 1.1‰ increased the response conflict induced by consciously perceived flankers, but paradoxically decreased the response conflict induced by subliminal primes. The latter was found to be reflected in decreased amplitude differences in the visual N1, which reflects attentional aspects of stimulus processing, and the N2 as well as a following central negativity, which are thought to reflect conflict monitoring and cognitive effort. On the neuroanatomical level, we found the decrease in subliminally induced response conflicts to be based on changes in fronto-parietal networks (including BA 7/the precuneus, BA 40/the postcentral gyrus, BA 23 & 24/the cingulate cortex and BA 13/the insular cortex) that subserve attention allocation, the processing of complex stimuli and cognitive conflict. It can be concluded that alcohol intoxication paradoxically reduces subliminally triggered response conflicts, which may be caused by decreased allocation of attention towards less salient/noticeable stimuli.

• Klíčová slova
• Alcohol intoxication, Binge drinking, Flanker, Fronto-parietal networks, Priming, Subliminal response conflict,
• MeSH
• alkoholické nápoje škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• kognice účinky léků   MeSH
• konflikt (psychologie) * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek účinky léků   MeSH
• nárazové pití alkoholu komplikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Manganese is naturally present in water, but its increased concentration in potable water is undesirable for multiple reasons. This study investigates an alternative method of demanganization by a newly synthesized TiO2-based adsorbent prepared through the transformation of titanyl sulphate monohydrate to amorphous sodium titanate. Its adsorption capacity for Mn2+ was determined, while a range of influential factors, such as the effect of contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH value, and added ions was evaluated. The adsorbent appeared highly effective for Mn2+ removal owing to its unique characteristics. Besides adsorption via electrostatic interactions, ion-exchange was also involved in the Mn2+ removal. Although the Mn2+ removal occurred within the whole investigated pH range of 4-8, the maximum was achieved at pH 7, with qe = 73.83 mg g-1. Equilibrium data revealed a good correlation with Langmuir isotherm in the absence of any ions or in the presence of monovalent co-existing ions, while the results in the presence of divalent co-existing ions showed a better fit to Freundlich isotherm. Additionally, the presence of monovalent cations (Na+, K+) only slightly decreased the Mn2+ removal efficiency as compared to divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+) that caused a greater decrease; however, the effect of anions (Cl-, SO42-) was insignificant. To provide insight into the adsorbent safety, the toxicity assessment was performed and showed no harmful effect on cell activity. Furthermore, the residual concentration of titanium after adsorption was always below the detection limit. The results imply that the synthesized TiO2-based adsorbent is a safe promising alternative method for demanganization.Highlights The synthesis of amorphous TiO2-based adsorbent was presented.The TiO2-based adsorbent was found to be efficient for Mn2+ removal.The Mn2+ removal mechanisms were adsorption and ion-exchange.Increasing pH enhanced the efficiency of Mn2+ removal.Divalent cations decreased the Mn2+ removal efficiency more than monovalent cations.

• Klíčová slova
• Adsorption, drinking water treatment, ion-exchange, manganese, titanium dioxide,
• MeSH
• adsorpce MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * analýza   MeSH
• čištění vody * metody   MeSH
• ionty MeSH
• kationty dvojmocné MeSH
• kationty jednomocné MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• mangan MeSH
• pitná voda * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
• ionty MeSH
• kationty dvojmocné MeSH
• kationty jednomocné MeSH
• mangan MeSH
• pitná voda * MeSH
• titanium dioxide MeSH Prohlížeč

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pití alkoholu epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• pivo statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• snížení rizika poškození MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

• MeSH
• kouření * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurotické poruchy diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• pití alkoholu * MeSH
• studenti lékařství psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: HCV infection often remains untreated in people who inject drugs (PWID), albeit they may present with advanced liver fibrosis at a young age. We aimed to assess the rate of patients with significant fibrosis in PWID starting anti-HCV therapy and identify the factors associated with severe fibrosis. METHODS: The cohort of 200 patients was divided into two groups: F0-F2 (N = 154, 77%), patients with liver stiffness measurement (LSM) < 10.0 kPa, and F3-F4 (N = 46, 23%), with LSM ≥ 10.0 kPa, indicating significant liver fibrosis. RESULTS: In group F3-F4, there were significantly more males, and the patients were older, with a higher BMI. The number of long-term abstaining patients was significantly higher in group F3-F4 compared with group F0-F2, as well as the proportion of patients reporting harmful drinking. Obesity (OR 4.77), long-term abstinence from illicit drugs (OR 4.06), harmful drinking (OR 2.83), and older age (OR 1.17) were significant predictors of advanced fibrosis in PWID starting anti-HCV therapy. CONCLUSIONS: A quarter of PWID presented with significant liver fibrosis at treatment initiation. Obesity, long-term drug abstinence, harmful drinking, and older age contributed to significant liver fibrosis.

• Klíčová slova
• age, chronic hepatitis C, harmful drinking, obesity, people who inject drugs, significant liver fibrosis,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The Czech Republic ranks among countries with the highest alcohol consumption per capita. Several older studies discuss Czech media portrayal of health effects of alcohol, but we found no recent analysis of media portrayal of harms caused by alcohol consumption. Our analysis aims to fill this gap in. METHODS: The dataset of texts (n = 903) consisting of articles from press, radio, television and the internet published within a 30-day interval in 2017 (Newton Media computerized database) was coded and analyzed using mixed quantitative and qualitative approach to content analysis. The frequency of references to acute and long-term alcohol harms of various types were counted, and the results were compared to the classification of (alcohol) harms by the Independent Scientific Committee of Drugs (ISCD). RESULTS: The short-term intoxication effects in the areas of crime and road safety, in particular reports on traffic accidents, are over-represented, while topics describing the impact of alcohol use on health, family and society, as well as economic costs or environmental issues seem to be marginal. That corresponds to the fact that police and courts were the information source in more than half of the articles, while information sourced from physicians, sociologists and drug field professionals was rather scarce. CONCLUSIONS: Media portrayal of the harms caused by alcohol use does not match up to real harm effects on the society. In terms of public health, it is imperative to strengthen media presentation of the impact of alcohol use on health and social issues.

• Klíčová slova
• Czech Republic, acute intoxication effects, alcohol use impact, long-term use effects, media analysis, media coverage,
• MeSH
• dopravní nehody MeSH
• hromadné sdělovací prostředky statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pití alkoholu škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• zločin MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol consumption is associated with substantial public health burden. This article summarises available information on the patterns and prevalence of alcohol use in the Czech Republic with a focus on the heavy alcohol use and its health and social consequences. METHODS: A non-systematic literature review was conducted. The data sources included primarily 3 series of surveys in the adult population, 2 series of surveys in the school population, routine monitoring system of per capita alcohol consumption, routine statistics on alcohol-related morbidity and mortality, and alcohol-related crime. RESULTS: In recent years the registered alcohol consumption in the Czech Republic has been very high; 9.8 litres of pure alcohol were consumed per capita in 2017. Recently, the prevalence of hazardous alcohol consumption in the adult population has reached 16.8-17.6% and harmful alcohol consumption 9.0-9.3%. From 12% to 17% of adult population and 12% of adolescent population were heavy episodic drinkers. Alcohol-related disorders are disproportionately higher (2-3 times) among men. Mortality for alcohol-related causes fully attributable to alcohol (AAF = 100%) and their proportion in overall mortality is on increase. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol consumption as well as the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking in the Czech Republic belongs among the highest globally. On the other hand, declines in alcohol use have been recently observed among children and adolescents. Available data on alcohol-related morbidity indicate stable situation, though alcohol-related mortality is increasing. Alcohol-related burden is rather underestimated and evidence-based alcohol policy should be increasingly implemented.

• Klíčová slova
• alcohol, alcohol-related harm, heavy alcohol use,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pití alkoholu škodlivé účinky   epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Alcohol consumption is the seventh leading risk factor for disability-adjusted life years in the world, according to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. As the largest developing country, China has a substantial population of alcohol consumers who suffer from related health risks. Despite having made significant advancements in eradicating absolute poverty, many people still live in relative poverty, which suggests that the adverse health effects caused by alcohol consumption among vulnerable populations in China warrant more attention. This paper aims to provide an overview of alcohol consumption among ethnic populations in China and test the feasibility and efficacy of a brief advice intervention with a small financial incentive in reducing harmful drinking behaviours. METHODS: This study is a three-arm, single-blinded, pragmatic, individually randomised controlled trial with follow-ups at 1,2 and 3 months after randomisation. A total of 440 daily drinkers living in Xichang will be recruited and divided into three groups: brief intervention group, financial incentive group and control group. All participants will receive a urine ethyl glucuronide (EtG) test, which detects alcohol consumption in the past 80 hours. Additionally, participants in the brief intervention group will receive three free counselling sessions alongside multimedia messages on the topic of alcohol consumption after each session. The participants in the financial incentive group will receive the same interventions as well as cash incentives according to the results of the EtG test. The primary outcomes are the self-reported drinking quantity, binge drinking frequency, drinking intensity and the proportion of participants who pass the EtG test. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This protocol was approved by the Peking University Health Science Center Institutional Review Board (IRB00001052-20049). Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at local, national and international conferences to publicise and explain the research to key audiences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04999371.

• Klíčová slova
• alcohol disorder, health economic, rural China,
• MeSH
• alkoholismus * MeSH
• krizová intervence * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motivace MeSH
• pití alkoholu epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• poradenství MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• protokol klinické studie MeSH