Breath analyzers are commonly used to test alcohol intoxication, most often to detect elevated systemic levels of ethanol by employees during working hours or drink-driving drivers. Many scientific studies describe the effect of inhaled ethanol vapors in the ambient air or the application of mouthwash before the breath test. This preliminary study interprets false positivity of the breath test after consumption over-the-counter confectionery.

• Klíčová slova
• alcohol, breath analyzer, breath-alcohol concentration, false positivity,
• MeSH
• dechové testy MeSH
• ethanol MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• otrava alkoholem * diagnóza   MeSH
• pití alkoholu MeSH
• řízení motorových vozidel * MeSH
• ústní vody MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ethanol MeSH
• ústní vody MeSH

Alcohol contributes to a large number of diseases and health conditions related to injuries. The aim of our study was to evaluate gender differences in forward and backward gait when sober and at a breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) of 0.11%. Fifty females and fifty males participated in our study. The gait analysis was performed twice, when sober and after drinking a given amount of vodka mixed with orange juice. Under both conditions, participants were asked to walk forward and then backward on a Zebris platform. Multivariate analysis and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the differences between genders when walking forward and backward. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used to compare the differences between 0.00% BrAC and 0.11% BrAC. Spearman's Rho was used to analyze the relationship between the AUDIT score, anthropometrical characteristics and the subjective score of drunkenness and gait parameters. The results show different strategies to improve stability during gait in women and men when intoxicated with alcohol. When intoxicated, males in forward gait increase their stability by increasing their foot rotation, while females increase their step width. A decrease in balance-related variables was observed in females when walking backward with a BrAC of 0.11%. Additionally, females tended to perform an increase in balance-related gait variables when subjectively feeling more drunk in both forward and backward gait. Different strategies to maintain stability during gait were observed in women and men. The results of our study show that alcohol intoxication has a greater impact on gait in females who tended to perform an increase in balance-related variables with an increase in their subjective score of drunkenness.

• MeSH
• chůze (způsob) MeSH
• chůze MeSH
• dechové testy metody   MeSH
• ethanol MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• otrava alkoholem * MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ethanol MeSH

The negative influence of alcohol on the ability of drivers for safe driving of motor vehicles is generally known. In order to determine the relative risk of traffic accident (especially with life consequences) in drivers after alcohol intake in comparison with those who are sober, the occurrence of such drivers in a common traffic is necessary. The authors controlled at random order the presence of alcohol in breath of 6180 drivers of passenger cars in the year 2001. The examinations were negative in 5839 cases, 150 offences were executed at the spot (as the breath test indicated level below 0.3g/l), 36 drivers refused blood sampling, which on the other hand was made in 155 drivers. The concentration o 0.3g/l and more was established in 145 drivers, i.e. 2.35% of all controlled individuals.

• MeSH
• dechové testy MeSH
• ethanol analýza   krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pití alkoholu epidemiologie   MeSH
• řízení motorových vozidel * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ethanol MeSH

BACKGROUND: Women are underrepresented in research focused on alcohol (e.g., Brighton, Moxham & Traynor, 2016; DOI 10.1097/JAN.0000000000000136) despite the changing patterns of alcohol consumption, which has been increasing in women in recent decades. The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between habitual alcohol consumption and centre of pressure (CoP) parameters during stance and gait while intoxicated by alcohol. METHODS: Thirty women (24.39 ± 2.93 years) participated in this study. All participants were asked to answer the AUDIT questionnaire. Stance and gait analysis were repeated under two conditions on a Zebris platform (FDM GmbH; Munich, Germany): when the participants were sober (0.00% breath alcohol concentration, BrAC) and when they were in an intoxicated state (0.11% BrAC). Participants were divided by their AUDIT score into a low-risk alcohol consumption group (n = 15; AUDIT score: 3 to 6) and a hazardous alcohol consumption group (n = 15; AUDIT score: 7 to 13). RESULTS: No statistical difference was observed in stance and gait parameters when comparing the low-risk and hazardous groups under 0.00% BrAC and 0.11% BrAC conditions. A statistically significant difference was observed when comparing 0.00% BrAC and 0.11% BrAC conditions within each group. This significant difference was found in CoP path length and CoP average velocity during quiet stance. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in CoP parameters during gait. An alcohol intoxication of 0.11% BrAC was not sufficient to cause statistically significant impairments in butterfly parameters of gait.

• Klíčová slova
• Alcohol intoxication, AUDIT score, Female, Gait, Stance,
• MeSH
• chůze (způsob) MeSH
• dechové testy MeSH
• ethanol analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• otrava alkoholem * MeSH
• pití alkoholu škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ethanol MeSH

The authors of the paper give a brief historical overview of the development of experimental alcohology in the former Czechoslovakia. Enhanced attention is paid to tests of work quality control of toxicological laboratories. Information on results of control tests of blood samples using the method of gas chromatography in Slovakia and within a world-wide study "Eurotox 1990" is presented. There are pointed out the pitfalls related to objective evaluation of the analysis results interpreting alcohol concentration in biological materials and the associated need to eliminate a negative influence of the human factor. The authors recommend performing analyses of alcohol in biological materials only at accredited workplaces and in the case of samples storage to secure a mandatory inhibition of phosphorylation process. There are analysed the reasons of numerical differences of analyses while taking evidence of alcohol in blood and in exhaled air. The authors confirm analysis accuracy using the method of gas chromatography along with breath analysers of exhaled air. They highlight the need for making the analysis results more objective also through confrontation with the results of clinical examination and with examined circumstances. The authors suggest a method of elimination of the human factor, the most frequently responsible for inaccuracy, to a tolerable level (safety factor) and the need of sample analysis by two methods independent of each other or the need of analysis of two biological materials.

• Klíčová slova
• experimental alcohology - gas chromatography - analysis of exhaled air - quality control - human factor - breath analyser.,
• MeSH
• chromatografie plynová MeSH
• dechové testy metody   MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• ethanol analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• soudní lékařství dějiny   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• dopisy MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ethanol MeSH

The target of this study was to compare the results of breath analysers and "lege artis" laboratory blood examinations when determining alcohol levels. This was then used to determine whether any differences exist between the two methods, and how large these differences are. 610 cases from 11 workplaces in the Czech Republic and Slovakia were analysed. The type of breath analyser was not taken into consideration. All cases had to be in the elimination phase. Difference of time between breath test and blood test were rectified through the use of reverse recomputation. It was detected that only 20.8% of the results of respiratory analyser tests correspond to the detected real alcohol level in blood. The maximum difference when a respiratory analyser measured more than a blood test was 1.34 g x kg(-1). and the maximum difference when the analyse measured less was 1.86 g x kg(-1).

• MeSH
• dechové testy * přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• ethanol krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ethanol MeSH

Throughout the development of breath analysis research, there has been interest in how the concentrations of trace compounds in exhaled breath are related to their concentrations in the ambient inhaled air. In considering this, Phillips introduced the concept of 'alveolar gradient' and judged that the measured exhaled concentrations of volatile organic compounds should be diminished by an amount equal to their concentrations in the inhaled ambient air. The objective of the work described in this paper was to investigate this relationship quantitatively. Thus, experiments have been carried out in which inhaled air was polluted by seven compounds of interest in breath research, as given below, and exhaled breath has been analysed by SIFT-MS as the concentrations of these compounds in the inhaled air were reduced. The interesting result obtained is that all the exogenous compounds are partially retained in the exhaled breath and there are close linear relationships between the exhaled and inhaled air concentrations for all seven compounds. Thus, retention coefficients, a, have been derived for the following compounds: pentane, 0.76 ± 0.09; isoprene, 0.66 ± 0.04; acetone, 0.17 ± 0.03; ammonia, 0.70 ± 0.13, methanol, 0.29 ± 0.02; formaldehyde, 0.06 ± 0.03; deuterated water (HDO), 0.09 ± 0.02. From these data, correction to breath analyses for inhaled concentration can be described by coefficients specific to each compound, which can be close to 1 for hydrocarbons, as applied by Phillips, or around 0.1, meaning that inhaled concentrations of such compounds can essentially be neglected. A further deduction from the experimental data is that under conditions of the inhalation of clean air, the measured exhaled breath concentrations of those compounds should be increased by a factor of 1/(1 - a) to correspond to gaseous equilibrium with the compounds dissolved in the mixed venous blood entering the alveoli. Thus, for isoprene, this is a factor of 3, which we have confirmed experimentally by re-breathing experiments.

• MeSH
• aceton farmakokinetika   MeSH
• amoniak farmakokinetika   MeSH
• butadieny farmakokinetika   MeSH
• dechové testy * MeSH
• formaldehyd farmakokinetika   MeSH
• hemiterpeny farmakokinetika   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie metody   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch farmakokinetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methanol farmakokinetika   MeSH
• nadechnutí * MeSH
• oxid deuteria farmakokinetika   MeSH
• pentany farmakokinetika   MeSH
• vydechnutí * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aceton MeSH
• amoniak MeSH
• butadieny MeSH
• formaldehyd MeSH
• hemiterpeny MeSH
• isoprene MeSH Prohlížeč
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• methanol MeSH
• oxid deuteria MeSH
• pentany MeSH

RATIONALE: The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) within exhaled breath potentially offers a non-invasive method for the detection and surveillance of human disease. Oral contamination of exhaled breath may influence the detection of systemic VOCs relevant to human disease. This study aims to assess the impact of oral cleansing strategies on exhaled VOC levels in order to standardise practice for breath sampling. METHODS: Ten healthy volunteers consumed a nutrient challenge followed by four oral cleansing methods: (a) water, (b) saltwater, (c) toothbrushing, and (d) alcohol-free mouthwash. Direct breath sampling was performed using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry after each intervention. RESULTS: Proposed reactions suggest that volatile fatty acid and alcohol levels (butanoic, pentanoic acid, ethanol) declined with oral cleansing interventions, predominantly after an initial oral rinse with water. Concentrations of aldehydes and phenols (acetaldehyde, menthone, p-cresol) declined with oral water rinse; however, they increased after toothbrushing and mouthwash use, secondary to flavoured ingredients within these products. No significant reductions were observed with sulphur compounds. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that oral rinsing with water prior to breath sampling may reduce oral contamination of VOC levels, and further interventions for oral decontamination with flavoured products may compromise results. This intervention may serve as a simple and inexpensive method of standardisation within breath research.

• MeSH
• čištění zubů MeSH
• dechové testy metody   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odběr biologického vzorku metody   MeSH
• orální hygiena MeSH
• těkavé organické sloučeniny analýza   MeSH
• vydechnutí MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• těkavé organické sloučeniny MeSH

The increase in ammonia and ethanol in the exhaled breath stream following mouthwashes by aqueous solutions of urea and sugar (sucrose), respectively, has been investigated by analysing exhaled breath in real time using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS. It is shown that the measured levels of these compounds in the stream of exhaled breath can be much greater than the endogenous levels originating at the alveolar boundary. Thus, it is concluded that without careful preparation, mouth production of these compounds, and other compounds as yet unidentified, can seriously compromise the quantification of truly endogenous trace compounds present in blood and in the alveolar breath, as required for clinical diagnosis, and can probably introduce additional compounds into the breath stream that could seriously mislead breath analysis. The concentrations of both the urea and sucrose solutions used to enhance the ammonia and ethanol levels were larger than normally present in food and drinks and so in most situations such severe enhancements will not occur.

• MeSH
• amoniak analýza   MeSH
• dechové testy metody   MeSH
• ethanol analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• močovina aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• sacharosa aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• ústní vody farmakologie   MeSH
• vydechnutí účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amoniak MeSH
• ethanol MeSH
• močovina MeSH
• sacharosa MeSH
• ústní vody MeSH

Aspartame, methyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninate, is used worldwide as a sweetener in foods and drinks and is considered to be safe at an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 40 mg per kg of body weight. This compound is completely hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to aspartic acid, phenylalanine and methanol, each being toxic at high levels. The objective of the present study was to quantify the volatile methanol component in the exhaled breath of ten healthy volunteers following the ingestion of a single ADI dose of aspartame. Direct on-line measurements of methanol concentration were made in the mouth and nose breath exhalations using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, several times before aspartame ingestion in order to establish individual pre-dose (baseline) levels and then during two hours post-ingestion to track their initial increase and subsequent decrease. The results show that breath methanol concentrations increased in all volunteers by 1082 ± 205 parts-per-billion by volume (ppbv) from their pre-ingestion values, which ranged from 193 to 436 ppbv to peak values ranging from 981-1622 ppbv, from which they slowly decreased. These observations agree quantitatively with a predicted increase of 1030 ppbv estimated using a one-compartment model of uniform dilution of the methanol generated from a known amount of aspartame throughout the total body water (including blood). In summary, an ADI dose of aspartame leads to a 3-6 fold increase of blood methanol concentration above the individual baseline values.

• MeSH
• aspartam aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dechové testy metody   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie metody   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methanol analýza   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• ústa MeSH
• vydechnutí * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aspartam MeSH
• methanol MeSH