As stated by Korpáš and Tomori (1979), cough is the most important airway protective reflex which provides airway defensive responses to nociceptive stimuli. They recognized that active expiratory efforts, due to the activation of caudal ventral respiratory group (cVRG) expiratory premotoneurons, are the prominent component of coughs. Here, we discuss data suggesting that neurons located in the cVRG have an essential role in the generation of both the inspiratory and expiratory components of the cough reflex. Some lines of evidence indicate that cVRG expiratory neurons, when strongly activated, may subserve the alternation of inspiratory and expiratory cough bursts, possibly owing to the presence of axon collaterals. Of note, experimental findings such as blockade or impairment of glutamatergic transmission to the cVRG neurons lead to the view that neurons located in the cVRG are crucial for the production of the complete cough motor pattern. The involvement of bulbospinal expiratory neurons seems unlikely since their activation affects differentially expiratory and inspiratory muscles, while their blockade does not affect baseline inspiratory activity. Thus, other types of cVRG neurons with their medullary projections should have a role and possibly contribute to the fine tuning of the intensity of inspiratory and expiratory efforts.

• MeSH
• 6-kyano-7-nitrochinoxalin-2,3-dion aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• kašel patofyziologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mechanika dýchání účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• medulla oblongata účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• mikroinjekce metody   MeSH
• nadechnutí účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• nervus phrenicus účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• reflex účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• vydechnutí účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 6-kyano-7-nitrochinoxalin-2,3-dion MeSH
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin MeSH

FeNO measurement is a validated non-invasive technique, which is used for diagnosis and monitoring of asthma. It would be desirable to find a reliable method to monitor allergic rhinitis (AR) via measurement of FeNO, and/or nasal nitric oxide (nNO). The aim of our study was the assessment of the efficacy of FeNO and nNO as markers in AR treatment. FeNO and nNO were measured with the portable NO analyser (NIOX MINO®) in healthy participants and in patients with AR. The patients were examined during the pollen season and out of it. The effect of local corticosteroids and antihistamine therapy was observed in patients with AR during pollen season after three weeks of therapy. There are significant differences between FeNO and nNO in patients with AR compared to healthy controls at all set points of measurements. While FeNO responded well to the treatment with both antihistamines and combined therapy, nNO decreased only after combined therapy with antihistamines and nasal corticosteroids. nNO monitoring alone is not a suitable method to monitor inflammation of the upper airways in AR and its suppression by anti-allergic treatment and should be correlated with other markers as FeNO or symptom scores.

• MeSH
• alergická rýma diagnóza   farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• antihistaminika aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• aplikace intranazální MeSH
• biologické markery analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hormony kůry nadledvin aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nosní sliznice účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• vydechnutí účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antihistaminika MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• hormony kůry nadledvin MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH

Mechanism responsible for the enlargement of end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) induced by chronic hypoxia remains unclear. The fact that the increase in EELV persists after return to normoxia suggests involvement of morphological changes. Because hypoxia has been also shown to activate lung mast cells, we speculated that they could play in the mechanism increasing EELV similar role as in vessel remodeling in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH). We, therefore, tested an effect of mast cells degranulation blocker disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on hypoxia induced EELV enlargement. Ventilatory parameters, EELV and right to left heart weight ratio (RV/LV+S) were measured in male Wistar rats. The experimental group (H+DSCG) was exposed to 3 weeks of normobaric hypoxia and treated with DSCG during the first four days of hypoxia, control group was exposed to hypoxia only (H), two others were kept in normoxia as non-treated (N) and treated (N+DSCG) groups. DSCG treatment significantly attenuated the EELV enlargement (H+DSCG = 6.1+/-0.8; H = 9.2+/-0.9; ml +/-SE) together with the increase in minute ventilation (H + DSCG = 190+/-8; H = 273 +/- 10; ml/min +/- SE) and RV/LV + S (H + DSCG = 0.39 +/- 0.03; H = 0.50 +/- 0.06).

• MeSH
• antiastmatika farmakologie   MeSH
• dechový objem účinky léků   MeSH
• hypoxie komplikace   farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• kromoglykát dvojsodný farmakologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mechanika dýchání účinky léků   MeSH
• měření objemu plic MeSH
• plíce účinky léků   patofyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• vydechnutí účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antiastmatika MeSH
• kromoglykát dvojsodný MeSH

The increase in ammonia and ethanol in the exhaled breath stream following mouthwashes by aqueous solutions of urea and sugar (sucrose), respectively, has been investigated by analysing exhaled breath in real time using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS. It is shown that the measured levels of these compounds in the stream of exhaled breath can be much greater than the endogenous levels originating at the alveolar boundary. Thus, it is concluded that without careful preparation, mouth production of these compounds, and other compounds as yet unidentified, can seriously compromise the quantification of truly endogenous trace compounds present in blood and in the alveolar breath, as required for clinical diagnosis, and can probably introduce additional compounds into the breath stream that could seriously mislead breath analysis. The concentrations of both the urea and sucrose solutions used to enhance the ammonia and ethanol levels were larger than normally present in food and drinks and so in most situations such severe enhancements will not occur.

• MeSH
• amoniak analýza   MeSH
• dechové testy metody   MeSH
• ethanol analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• močovina aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• sacharosa aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• ústní vody farmakologie   MeSH
• vydechnutí účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amoniak MeSH
• ethanol MeSH
• močovina MeSH
• sacharosa MeSH
• ústní vody MeSH

Experimental pneumonia induced by intratracheal application of carrageenan or paraquat increases the functional residual lung capacity (FRC) in rats. The mechanism of this increase is not clear, but a decrease in PO(2) may be involved. To test this possibility, we attempted to eliminate the PO(2) decrease in carrageenan-treated rats by exposing them to hyperoxia. Animals of the first group were exposed to 7 days of hyperoxia (F(I)O(2) 0.78-0.84, group Car+O(2)) after intratracheal application of carrageenan (0.5 ml of 0.7 % carrageenan in saline), whereas animals of the second group were given the same dose of carrageenan but breathed air (group Car+A). The third group of rats was kept for seven days in hyperoxia (group O(2)) and the fourth group served as controls (C). The animals were then anesthetized and intubated and their ventilatory parameters and FRC were measured during air breathing. Carrageenan application induced a FRC increase (Car+A 2.0+/-0.2 ml, C 1.6+/-0.1 ml), which was not seen in carrageenan-treated rats exposed to hyperoxia (Car+O(2) 1.6+/-0.1 ml). Hyperoxia alone did not affect the value of FRC (O(2) 1.5+/-0.1 ml). These results support the hypothesis that a decrease in PO(2) plays an important role in the carrageenan-induced increase of FRC in rats.

• MeSH
• aspirační pneumonie chemicky indukované   patofyziologie   MeSH
• dechový objem účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• funkční reziduální kapacita účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• hyperoxie patofyziologie   MeSH
• karagenan farmakologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• kyslík farmakologie   MeSH
• mechanika dýchání účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• měření objemu plic MeSH
• plíce účinky léků   patofyziologie   MeSH
• plicní ventilace účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost fyziologie   MeSH
• vydechnutí účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• karagenan MeSH
• kyslík MeSH