During the 3 years from 1989 to 1991, we evaluated the etiology of septic shock cases and infection-associated mortality. A total number of 38 patients was included in the study, according to the criteria for septic shock (SS), (Intensive Care Medicine Society, 1989). In 1989, P. aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae among the pathogens prevailed. In 1990 and 1991, S. aureus, enterococci and fungi were most frequent. From 8 patients with SS in 1990, the shock was due to Candida albicans in 1 and to mucoraceae in 3 patients. In 10 patients examined in 1991, 8 cases of SS were due to Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani and Acremonium strictum. The decrease of the incidence of shocks and increase of fungal etiology were found to be associated with the use of quinolones in prophylaxis and cephalosporines, aminoglycosides and vancomycine in empiric therapy in febrile neutropenic patients.

• MeSH
• houby izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mykózy komplikace   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• nádory komplikace   MeSH
• neutropenie komplikace   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• septický šok etiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• NEOPLASMS/etiology *,
• MeSH
• nádory etiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Second primary cancers (SPCs) are increasing, which may negatively influence patient survival. Gastric cancer (GC) has poor survival and when it is diagnosed as SPC it is often the cause of death. We wanted to analyze the risk of SPCs after GC and the risk of GC as SPC after any cancer. Such bidirectional analysis is important in relation to fatal cancers because SPCs may be under-reported in the short-term survival period. METHODS: Cancers were obtained from the Swedish Cancer Registry from years 1990 through 2015. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were used to estimate bidirectional relative. RESULTS: We identified 23,137 GC patients who developed 1042 SPCs (4.5%); 2158 patients had GC as SPC. While the risk for three SPCs was increased after GC, seven first primary cancers were followed by an increased risk of GC as SPC, including esophageal, colorectal, bladder, squamous cell skin and breast cancers and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Breast cancer, which was followed by a diagnosis of second GC, showed an excess of lobular histology. CONCLUSION: Multiple primary cancers in the same individuals may signal genetic predisposition. Accordingly, the association of GC with breast cancer may be related to mutations in the CDH1 gene, and clustering of colorectal, small intestinal and bladder cancers could be related to Lynch syndrome. The third line of findings supports a contribution of immune dysfunction on the increased risk of GC as SPC after skin cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Early detection of GC in the risk groups could save lives.

• Klíčová slova
• cancer etiology, cancer incidence, relative risk, second primary cancer, stomach cancer,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: For more than 20 years, infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) has been of a matter of interest not only to gynecologists but also to maxillofacial surgeons and othorhinolaryngologists. HPV is generally known to be involved in cervical cancer. Recently, there are many clinical studies pointed out the potentially dangerous connection between HPV infection and head and neck carcinomas (HNC). HPV infection was identified as a possible etiological factor in 15-30% of HNC. METHODS: Aim of this article is to summarize the recent knowledge about the HPV infection with regards to etiology of head and neck cancer. RESULTS: It has been proven that HPV infection is related to development of head and neck cancer and that the sexual behavior has played an important role in the viral transmission. HNC of viral etiology have been observed mostly in younger people; their curability is difficult and prognosis serious. CONCLUSION: Beside the well known correlation between developing of new head and neck cancer and bad habits (smoking, alcohol abuse, poor oral hygiene etc.) we should take into consideration the sexual promiscuity and alternative sexual practices. Vaccination against cervical cancer, recommended to young women, should be extended to their male partners to prevent the virus transmission and decrease the HNC incidence.

• MeSH
• infekce papilomavirem komplikace   diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory hlavy a krku diagnóza   patofyziologie   virologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

A middle-aged man in his 50s, active smoker, presented to the pulmonary office for lung cancer evaluation. On a low-dose computed tomography for lung cancer screening, he was found to have an 8 mm endobronchial lesion in the right main stem bronchus. A PET-CT revealed no endobronchial lesion, but incidentally, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avidity was present in the right hilar (SUV 13.2) and paratracheal lymph nodes (LNs). He underwent bronchoscopy and EBUS-TBNA of station 7 and 10 R LNs. The fine needle aspiration (FNA) revealed necrotizing epithelioid granuloma. The acid-fast bacilli (AFB) and Grocott methenamine silver (GMS) stains were negative. He had suffered from pneumonic tularemia 13 months ago and immunohistochemical staining for Francisella tularensis on FNA samples at Center for Disease Control and Prevention was negative. The intense positron emission tomography (PET) avidity was attributed to prior tularemic intrathoracic lymphadenitis without active tularemia, a rare occurrence. To the best of our knowledge, PET-positive intrathoracic lymph node beyond one year without evidence of active tularemia has not been previously reported.

• Klíčová slova
• Lymph nodes, PET-CT, Pneumonia, Tularemia,
• MeSH
• biopsie tenkou jehlou pod endosonografickou kontrolou metody   MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru MeSH
• fluorodeoxyglukosa F18 MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfatické uzliny diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• nádory plic * diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• PET/CT metody   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• staging nádorů MeSH
• tularemie * diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fluorodeoxyglukosa F18 MeSH

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The global incidence of renal cell cancer is increasing annually and the causes are multifactorial. Early diagnosis and successful urological procedures with partial or total nephrectomy can be life-saving. However, only up to 10% of RCC patients present with characteristic clinical symptoms. Over 60% are detected incidentally in routine ultrasound examination. The question of screening and preventive measures greatly depends on the cause of the tumor development. For the latter reason, this review focuses on etiology, pathophysiology and risk factors for renal neoplasm. METHODS: A literature search using the databases Medscape, Pubmed, UpToDate and EBSCO from 1945 to 2015. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Genetic predisposition/hereditary disorders, obesity, smoking, various nephrotoxic industrial chemicals, drugs and natural/manmade radioactivity all contribute and enviromental risks are a serious concern in terms of prevention and the need to screen populations at risk. Apropos treatment, current oncological research is directed to blocking cancer cell division and inhibiting angiogenesis based on a knowledge of molecular pathways.

• Klíčová slova
• hereditary syndromes, nephrectomy, radioactivity, renal carcinogenesis, renal cell carcinoma, uranium toxicity,
• MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci genetika   MeSH
• karcinogeneze MeSH
• karcinom z renálních buněk diagnóza   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metastázy nádorů MeSH
• nádory ledvin diagnóza   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• radiační expozice škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• sloučeniny uranu škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• staging nádorů MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• sloučeniny uranu MeSH

This is an overview of relation between acute and chronic pancreatitis and between acute pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Acute pancreatitis and recurrent acute pancreatitis are an etiological factor of chronic pancreatitis. Population-based studies have calculated the risk of acute recurrent pancreatitis after the first attack of acute pancreatitis to be 20% and development of chronic pancreatitis after first attack of acute pancreatitis is 10%. An important risk factor is tobacco smoking. Acute and chronic pancreatitis are risk factors for pancreatic cancer. The risk of acute pancreatitis is related to the number of recurrences of acute pancreatitis, but not the etiology of acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis, as well as chronic pancreatitis, are risk factors for pancreatic cancer. After an attack of acute pancreatitis or recurrent acute pancreatitis a patient should be regarded as a high risk.

• Klíčová slova
• acute pancreatitis, alcohol, chronic pancreatitis, etiology, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic cancer localisation,
• MeSH
• akutní nemoc MeSH
• chronická pankreatitida * komplikace   etiologie   MeSH
• kouření škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory slinivky břišní * etiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• pankreatitida * etiologie   komplikace   MeSH
• recidiva MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Recent years have seen important advances in our understanding of the etiology, biology and genetics of kidney cancer. To summarize important achievements and identify prominent research questions that remain, a workshop was organized by IARC and the US NCI. A series of 'difficult questions' were formulated, which should be given future priority in the areas of population, genomic and clinical research.

• Klíčová slova
• clinical research, epidemiology, genomics, kidney cancer,
• MeSH
• biomedicínský výzkum MeSH
• genomika * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory ledvin etiologie   genetika   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

BACKGROUND: The potential role of genitourinary infection in the etiology of prostate cancer (CaP) has been extensively investigated for 30 years. Two basic approaches have been used: tissue-based methods (polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization) and serologic assays (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence, etc.). The objective of this review was to answer the question of whether infection of the male genitourinary tract may have a role in the etiology of CaP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have carried out a systematic review of the evidence that was published in the MEDLINE/PubMed database until December 2011. The search terms included "prostate cancer," "infection," and the explicit names of the various infectious agents. Additional studies were identified using a reference search. A total of 74 papers were included in the review, which cover the following infectious agents: human papillomavirus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus, BK virus, JC virus, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, trichomonas, neisseria, treponema, Propionibacterium acnes, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus and Candida albicans. RESULTS: Despite the variable study designs and methodological approaches that were used, most of the pathogens that were studied were unlikely to be directly involved in prostate carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: The role of infection in the etiology of CaP has yet to be determined despite 30 years of research efforts. A discovery of an infectious agent that is associated with CaP would be of great medical importance; however, such a link would have to be firmly established before impacting on patient care.

• Klíčová slova
• Etiology, Infection, Prostate cancer, Serology, Sexually transmitted diseases,
• MeSH
• bakteriální infekce komplikace   diagnóza   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mykózy komplikace   diagnóza   MeSH
• nádory prostaty diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• virové nemoci komplikace   diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• LEIOMYOMA/etiology and pathogenesis *, UTERUS NEOPLASMS/etiology and pathogenesis *,
• MeSH
• leiomyom etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory dělohy etiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH