We describe our new technical results dealing with microwave thermotherapy (hyperthermia) in cancer treatment, see Refs. [S.B. Field, C. Franconi (Eds.), Physics and technology of hyperthermia, NATO Seminar Proceedings, Urbino, Italy, 1986; J. Hand, J.R. James (Eds.), Physical Techniques in Clinical Hyperthermia, Wiley, New York, 1986; J. Vrba, M. Lapes, Microwave Applicators for Medical Purposes, CTU Press, 1996, in Czech; J. Vrba, C. Franconi, M. Lapes, Theoretical limits for the penetration depth of the intracavitary applicators, International Journal of Hyperthermia, 12:6 (1996) 737-742; C. Franconi, J. Vrba, F. Montecchia, 27 MHz hybrid evanescent-mode applicators with flexible heating field for deep and safe subcutaneous hyperthermia, International Journal of Hyperthermia, 9:5 (1993) 655-674.]. Our research interest is to develop applicators for deep local heating and for intracavitary cancer and/or prostate treatment as well. Further, a system for 3D SAR distribution measurements in water phantom is explained. Basic evaluation of clinical results is given.

• MeSH
• design vybavení MeSH
• indukovaná hypertermie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrovlny * MeSH
• nádory terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Stage IV colorectal cancer is associated with high mortality, and the prognosis is significantly worse for patients have peritoneal metastases. Peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer was considered incurable with an infaust prognosis. Median survival of untreated patients is about 6 months and palliative systemic chemotherapy can prolonge this time up to 20 months. Patients with this disease were previously only surgically treated if they had severe clinical symptoms or complications. This view has changed dramatically over the past 15 years. Aggressive cytoreductive surgery in combination with intraperitoneal chemotherapy may prolong median survival for more than 40 months in selected patients. The Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International (PSOGI), the international authority on the treatment of peritoneal tumors, recommends cytoreduction with intraperitoneal chemotherapy as the standard of care for selected patients with moderate-to-small volume peritoneal metastases secondary to colorectal cancer. Macroscopic cytoreduction appears to be essential; however, the role of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy and the optimal chemotherapeutic agent for intraperitoneal lavage to treat peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer remain unclear. The results of ongoing and future clinical trials are eagerly awaited.

• Klíčová slova
• colorectal cancer, cytoreductive surgery, hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, peritoneal carcinomatosis,
• MeSH
• cytoredukční chirurgie * MeSH
• indukovaná hypertermie * MeSH
• kolorektální nádory patologie   terapie   MeSH
• kombinovaná terapie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• peritoneální nádory prevence a kontrola   sekundární   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Current in vitro model systems do not fully reflect the bio-logical and clinical diversity of prostate cancer (PCa). Organoids are 3D in vitro cell cultures that may better recapitulate disease heterogeneity and retain parental tumor characteristics. Short-term ex vivo culture of PCa tissues may also facilitate drug testing in personalized medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For organoid culture, we have processed both cancer and normal tissues from 50 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy or transurethral resection of the prostate. In addition, we exploited the ex vivo tissue culture technique and performed short-term chemotherapy assay using gemcitabine and Chk1 inhibitor MU380 in 10 patient samples. RESULTS: In total, we were able to cultivate organoids from 58% of tumors (29/50) and 69% of normal tissue (20/29). Immunohistochemical staining of two representative cases revealed cell positivity for pan-cytokeratin confirming the presence of epithelial cells. However, the overexpression of AMACR and ERG proteins in tumors was not recapitulated in organoids. Another limitation was the propagation of organoids only up to 3 weeks till the first passage. Next, a short-term drug test was performed for ten patients using ex vivo tissue culture. Samples from prostatectomies mostly presented a low proliferation rate as assessed by Ki-67 staining. Another drawback of this ap-proach was inconsistent tissue morphology among particular tissue fragments. Only one case showed a high proliferation rate for drug testing and tumor tissue was present in all tested samples. In our work, we also provide an overview of recent studies and a detailed comparison of culture conditions. CONCLUSION: We have established cultures of both organoids and tissue fragments from PCa patient samples. However, the expression of tumor markers was not recapitulated in organoids. Inconsistent morphology among tissue fragments and low proliferation hampered the interpretation of the drug testing in most cases. Still, these approaches may be promising using tissues from metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

• Klíčová slova
• Organoids, ex vivo tissue culture, personalized medicine, precision medicine, prostate cancer,
• MeSH
• individualizovaná medicína metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory prostaty * patologie   MeSH
• organoidy metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• transuretrální resekce prostaty * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

MXenes endowed with several attractive physicochemical attributes, namely, specific large surface area, significant electrical conductivity, magnetism, low toxicity, luminescence, and high biocompatibility, have been considered as promising candidates for cancer therapy and theranostics. These two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures endowed with photothermal, chemotherapeutic synergistic, and photodynamic effects have shown promising potential for decidedly effectual and noninvasive anticancer treatments. They have been explored for photothermal/chemo-photothermal therapy (PTT) and for targeted anticancer drug delivery. Remarkably, MXenes with their unique optical properties have been employed for bioimaging and biosensing, and their excellent light-to-heat transition competence renders them an ideal biocompatible and decidedly proficient nanoscaled agent for PTT appliances. However, several important challenging issues still linger regarding their stability in physiological environments, sustained/controlled release of drugs, and biodegradability that need to be addressed. This Perspective emphasizes the latest advancements of MXenes and MXene-based materials in the domain of targeted cancer therapy/diagnosis, with a focus on the current trends, important challenges, and future perspectives.

• Klíčová slova
• MXene-based composites, MXenes, biocompatibility, cancer diagnosis, cancer therapy, drug delivery, nanosystems,
• MeSH
• fototerapie MeSH
• indukovaná hypertermie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory * diagnóza   MeSH
• nanostruktury * MeSH
• protinádorové látky * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• protinádorové látky * MeSH

Epithelial ovarian cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death in women. More than half of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, usually due to locoregional spread of peritoneal carcinomatosis. A combination of systemic chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery has been the standard treatment since the mid-1990s. However, conventional chemotherapy is poorly delivered to the peritoneum due to the plasma-peritoneal barrier. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy can improve survival by eliminating residual microscopic disease. A combination of hyperthermic intravenous and intraperitoneal chemotherapy may reduce plasma toxicity and increase therapeutic effectiveness. Several experts are investigating the effectiveness of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for both primary and recurrent ovarian cancer worldwide. Recent randomized studies indicate that this method prolongs overall patient survival and the disease-free interval. This approach is not yet part of standard guidelines and is the subject of several other clinical trials. However, indications should be considered in women with significant residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy because these patients can benefit from comprehensive surgical resection in combination with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy to prevent locoregional relapses.

• Klíčová slova
• cytoreductive surgery, hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, ovarian cancer,
• MeSH
• cytoredukční chirurgie * MeSH
• indukovaná hypertermie * MeSH
• kombinovaná terapie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory vaječníků patologie   terapie   MeSH
• peritoneální nádory sekundární   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

DNA repair pathways are essential for maintaining genome stability, and understanding the regulation of these mechanisms may help in the design of new strategies for treatments, the prevention of platinum-based chemoresistance, and the prolongation of overall patient survival not only with respect to ovarian cancer. The role of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) together with cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and adjuvant systemic chemotherapy is receiving more interest in ovarian cancer (OC) treatment because of the typical peritoneal spread of the disease. The aim of our study was to compare the expression level of 84 genes involved in the DNA repair pathway in tumors and the paired peritoneal metastasis tissue of patients treated with CRS/platinum-based HIPEC with respect to overall patient survival, presence of peritoneal carcinomatosis, treatment response, and alterations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Tumors and metastatic tissue from 28 ovarian cancer patients collected during cytoreductive surgery before HIPEC with cisplatin were used for RNA isolation and subsequent cDNA synthesis. Quantitative real-time PCR followed. The most interesting findings of our study are undoubtedly the gene interactions among the genes CCNH, XPA, SLK, RAD51C, XPA, NEIL1, and ATR for primary tumor tissue and ATM, ATR, BRCA2, CDK7, MSH2, MUTYH, POLB, and XRCC4 for metastases. Another interesting finding is the correlation between gene expression and overall survival (OS), where a low expression correlates with a worse OS.

• Klíčová slova
• DNA repair, HIPEC, biomarkers, ovarian cancer,
• MeSH
• DNA-glykosylasy * genetika   MeSH
• hypertermická intraperitoneální peroperační chemoterapie MeSH
• indukovaná hypertermie * metody   MeSH
• kombinovaná terapie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• míra přežití MeSH
• nádory vaječníků * farmakoterapie   genetika   MeSH
• oprava DNA genetika   MeSH
• přežití bez známek nemoci MeSH
• protokoly protinádorové kombinované chemoterapie terapeutické užití   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA-glykosylasy * MeSH
• NEIL1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč

An international joint statement about the use of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in ovarian cancer was published in 2016, warning about the uncritical use of HIPEC outside controlled studies. This statement has now been updated after the most recent literature was reviewed by the participating study groups and societies. HIPEC became a treatment option in patients with advanced colon cancer after positive results of a randomized trial comparing surgery and HIPEC versus palliative treatment alone. Although this trial did not compare the added value of HIPEC to surgery alone, HIPEC for the treatment of peritoneal metastases was in the subsequent years generalized to many other cancer types associated with peritoneal carcinomatosis including epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). In the meantime, new evidence from prospective randomized trials specifically for EOC-patients emerged, with however contradicting results and several quality aspects that made the interpretation of their findings critical. Moreover, three additional trials in colorectal cancer failed to confirm the previously presumed survival benefit through the implementation of HIPEC in peritoneally disseminated colorectal cancers. Based on a still unclear and inconsistent landscape, the authors conclude that HIPEC should remain within the remit of clinical trials for EOC-patients. Available evidence is not yet sufficient to justify its broad endorsement into the routine clinical practice.

• Klíčová slova
• Chemotherapy, HIPEC, Hyperthermia, Intraperitoneal, Ovarian cancer,
• MeSH
• epiteliální ovariální karcinom patologie   MeSH
• hypertermická intraperitoneální peroperační chemoterapie MeSH
• indukovaná hypertermie * metody   MeSH
• kombinovaná terapie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory vaječníků * farmakoterapie   patologie   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• protokoly protinádorové kombinované chemoterapie terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Rakousko MeSH
• Švýcarsko MeSH

Targeted biocompatible nanostructures with controlled plasmonic and morphological parameters are promising materials for cancer treatment based on selective thermal ablation of cells. Here, core-shell plasmonic nanodiamonds consisting of a silica-encapsulated diamond nanocrystal coated in a gold shell are designed and synthesized. The architecture of particles is analyzed and confirmed in detail using electron tomography. The particles are biocompatibilized using a PEG polymer terminated with bioorthogonally reactive alkyne groups. Azide-modified transferrin is attached to these particles, and their high colloidal stability and successful targeting to cancer cells overexpressing the transferrin receptor are demonstrated. The particles are nontoxic to the cells and they are readily internalized upon binding to the transferrin receptor. The high plasmonic cross section of the particles in the near-infrared region is utilized to quantitatively ablate the cancer cells with a short, one-minute irradiation by a pulse 750-nm laser.

• Klíčová slova
• ablation, cancer, gold, nanodiamonds, plasmonics,
• MeSH
• ablace metody   MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály farmakokinetika   MeSH
• cílená molekulární terapie metody   MeSH
• HeLa buňky účinky léků   MeSH
• indukovaná hypertermie metody   MeSH
• karbocyaniny chemie   MeSH
• laserová terapie metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nanočástice chemie   MeSH
• nanodiamanty chemie   MeSH
• nanoslupky chemie   MeSH
• polyethylenglykoly chemie   MeSH
• receptory transferinu metabolismus   MeSH
• transferin chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• zlato chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• Alexa Fluor 647 MeSH Prohlížeč
• biokompatibilní materiály MeSH
• karbocyaniny MeSH
• nanodiamanty MeSH
• polyethylenglykoly MeSH
• receptory transferinu MeSH
• transferin MeSH
• zlato MeSH

AIM: Intravesical thermochemotherapy, also known as HIVEC (Hyperthermic Intra-VEsical Chemotherapy), represents an alternative adjuvant topical treatment for non-muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer (NMIBC). High-risk (HR) and very HR tumors carry a substantial risk of recurrence and progression. In this study, we present our own results using HIVEC as an alternative to unavailable Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in the treatment of such groups of patients. METHODS: During the period of November 2014-June 2022, a total of 47 patients with HR and very HR NMIBC underwent treatment with HIVEC after transurethral resection. They were given an induction of 6 instillations with/without a maintenance. The aim was to evaluate the time to recurrence, event-free survival (recurrence or progression), as measured by Kaplan-Meier analysis, the effect of maintenance treatment and other factors on survival (log-rank test and multivariable Cox regression analysis), and complications. RESULTS: The median follow-up for patients who did not experience an event was 32 months. The median time to HR (high grade and/or T1 tumor) recurrence in those who recurred was 15 months. The survival rate without HR recurrence at 12, 24, and 48 months was 84, 70, and 59%, respectively. Progression was detected in 10.6% of patients, which translated to 89% of patients living without progression after 24 months. Maintenance treatment (defined as more than six instillations) and presence of CIS significantly correlated with risk of HR recurrence (Hazard ratio 0.34 and 3.12, respectively). One female patient underwent salvage cystectomy due to contractory bladder, and 19.1% of patients experienced transient lower urinary tract symptoms. CONCLUSION: Based on our experience, HIVEC represents an adequate and safe alternative treatment for HR and very HR NMIBC in situations where BCG is not available or radical cystectomy is not an option for the patient. However, high-quality data from prospective randomized studies are still lacking, and thus, thermochemotherapy should still be regarded as an experimental treatment modality.

• Klíčová slova
• Adjuvant instillations, Intravesical thermochemotherapy, Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, Urothelial carcinoma,
• MeSH
• aplikace intravezikální MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• indukovaná hypertermie * MeSH
• invazivní růst nádoru * MeSH
• karcinom z přechodných buněk terapie   patologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory močového měchýře * terapie   patologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Chemotherapy is the most prominent route in cancer therapy for prolonging the lifespan of cancer patients. However, its non-target specificity and the resulting off-target cytotoxicities have been reported. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies using magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) for magnetothermal chemotherapy may potentially improve the therapeutic outcome by increasing the target selectivity. In this review, magnetic hyperthermia therapy and magnetic targeting using drug-loaded MNCs are revisited, focusing on magnetism, the fabrication and structures of magnetic nanoparticles, surface modifications, biocompatible coating, shape, size, and other important physicochemical properties of MNCs, along with the parameters of the hyperthermia therapy and external magnetic field. Due to the limited drug-loading capacity and low biocompatibility, the use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as drug delivery system has lost traction. In contrast, MNCs show higher biocompatibility, multifunctional physicochemical properties, high drug encapsulation, and multi-stages of controlled release for localized synergistic chemo-thermotherapy. Further, combining various forms of magnetic cores and pH-sensitive coating agents can generate a more robust pH, magneto, and thermo-responsive drug delivery system. Thus, MNCs are ideal candidate as smart and remotely guided drug delivery system due to a) their magneto effects and guide-ability by the external magnetic fields, b) on-demand drug release performance, and c) thermo-chemosensitization under an applied alternating magnetic field where the tumor is selectively incinerated without harming surrounding non-tumor tissues. Given the important effects of synthesis methods, surface modifications, and coating of MNCs on their anticancer properties, we reviewed the most recent studies on magnetic hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery systems in cancer therapy, and magnetothermal chemotherapy to provide insights on the current development of MNC-based anticancer nanocarrier.

• Klíčová slova
• external magnetic field, hyperthermia, magnetic nanoparticles, polymer-based magnetic nanocomposites, targeted cancer treatments,
• MeSH
• indukovaná hypertermie * metody   MeSH
• lékové transportní systémy metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetické pole MeSH
• magnetismus MeSH
• nádory * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH