Although, in routine practice, the differential diagnostics of mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract is still focused mainly on the correct diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor and its further therapeutic management based on predictive diagnostics, recent progress in the development of endoscopic techniques has led to increased detection of other mesenchymal lesions, which were previously commonly neglected due to their small size or absence of symptoms requiring surgical exploration. Diagnosis of some of these lesions may be reached based on their histologic pattern alone, while others may be recognized with the use of tissue specific antibodies related to the probable lineage of differentiation of the neoplastic cells. Finally, a subset of tumors, commonly with uncertain lineage of differentiation, is defined by pathognomonic genetic alterations of neoplastic cells. Recognition of such alterations, based either on methods of molecular genetics or immunohistochemical detection of an altered protein product, enables a precise diagnosis in a growing number of these cases. However, regarding the fact that most of these alterations are not unique to a single tumor type, but are often shared by more neoplastic entities, the diagnosis must still be based on a complex diagnostic attitude, reflecting histological, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic features of the investigated tumor.

• Klíčová slova
• Molecular genetics, differential diagnostics, digestive tract, gastrointestinal tract, immunohistochemistry, mesenchymal tumors, molecular genetics,
• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• gastrointestinální stromální tumory * diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární biologie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Flow cytometry is a method that enables the automated quantification of a set of parameters for a large number of cells or cell-like particles. It is also possible to analyze solid tissues after reduction to a single cell suspension. One of the applications of fl ow cytometry is immunophenotyping. AIM: The authors try to introduce the basic physical and biological principles of fl ow-cytometry to the broader public and to prove the benefits of method in lymph nodes assessment. METHOD: A common method of immunophenotyping with the help of labeled monoclonal antibodies applied to lymph node cells was used. RESULTS: Flow cytometry revealed the infiltration of the extirpated lymph node with leukemic cells. CONCLUSIONS: The authors demonstrate fl ow cytometry as a relatively less common but efficient way of lymph node assessment in a patient with an anamnesis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. They also discuss the contribution of immunophenotyping to the process of the differential diagnostics of lymph nodes enlargement.

• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• imunofenotypizace * metody   MeSH
• leukemie diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfatické nemoci diagnóza   MeSH
• lymfatické uzliny imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• průtoková cytometrie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Differential diagnosis between Lewy body disease and Alzheimer´s disease might be difficult because of similarities of clinical symptoms in both neurodegenerative diseases. DatSCAN is a modern functional neuroimmaging method which differentiates between this similar diseases and helps in correct treatment strategy. We report our positive experience with DatSCAN in differentiating Lewy body disease from Alzheimer´s disease. This is a case report of a woman with Lewy body disease, initially diagnosed as Alzheimer´s disease. DatSCAN neuroimmaging method was used in differential diagnosis of dementia. Memory impairment, impaired activities of daily living, sleep and behavioral disturbances were present in our case. Donepezil was well tolerated, but haloperidol administration was followed by development of severe dystonia. DatSCAN showed deficient dopaminergic presynaptic transport in substantia nigra and striatum. This finding is typical for Lewy body disease not for Alzheimer´s disease. DatSCAN neuroimmaging is a suitable method for differentiating Lewy body disease from Alzheimer´s disease. Deficient dopaminergic presynaptic transport in substantia nigra and striatum is typical for Lewy body disease.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• demence s Lewyho tělísky diagnostické zobrazování   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• donepezil MeSH
• indany terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nervový přenos účinky léků   MeSH
• piperidiny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• donepezil MeSH
• indany MeSH
• piperidiny MeSH

Etiopathogenesis of pulmonary granulomatous lesions can be very varied. Pathologists find pulmonary granulomatous lesions in autopsies frequently. Diagnostics of pulmonary granulomatous lesions is based on anamnesis data, clinical examinations and morphological changes. In some cases, especially in long-term ill patients, morphological finding remains the only way to explain the case. We provide a description of an incidental autoptic finding of chronic granulomatous lesion in lung tissue in a man aged 81. Histopathological examination proved aspired granules of maize starch. Aspired granules triggered lesion of granulomatous character. At microscopic examination vegetable particles were defined to be maize starch. Granules of maize starch, which are a part of artificial nutrition labelled Caglusal, may have caused granulomatous lesion in our case.

• MeSH
• chronická nemoc MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• granulom z cizího tělesa diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plíce patologie   MeSH
• plicní nemoci diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• škrob MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• škrob MeSH

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) and diabetic polyneuropathy are common ailments of older age. Many people suffer from both at the same time. In such patients it may sometimes be difficult to separate signs and symptoms that could be attributed to either disease. This study evaluates the contributions and limits of various tests, especially the exercise treadmill test (ETT) and electrophysiological examination, in the diagnostics of patients with mild LSS. Twenty-nine patients with mild LSS documented by computed tomography (CT) participated in this study. Sixteen of the patients had neurogenic claudication (LSS NC+), and 13 patients did not (LSS NC-). Patients with LSS were compared with a group of 24 patients with diabetic polyneuropathy and 25 healthy volunteers. The distance covered, the time spent walking and the reasons for preliminary termination of the ETT were evaluated in all groups. Initial electrophysiological examination included electromyography (EMG) from the upper and lower extremities and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) to the lower extremities. LSS NC+ patients covered a significantly shorter distance and the time spent walking was significantly shorter than in LSS NC- patients and in the two control groups. The main reason for preliminary termination of the ETT was the development of NC in 67% of the LSS NC+ patients. In contrast, no LSS NC- patient and none from the control groups revealed NC, but 31% of LSS NC- patients were not able to finish the ETT for other reasons (e.g. dyspnoea). Electrophysiological parameters evaluated from the upper extremities distinguished diabetic patients from LSS patients. The latencies of the tibial F-wave, soleus H-reflex and spinal MEP response reliably distinguished healthy volunteers from diabetic patients and LSS patients, and particularly LSS patients from diabetic patients. The chronodispersion of the tibial F-wave distinguished LSS NC+ patients from the other groups. The results of the study show that electrophysiological examination contributes to the differential diagnostics between mild lumbar spinal stenosis and diabetic polyneuropathy. The contribution of electrophysiological methods in verification of NC in LSS patients is limited (chronodispersion of the tibial F-wave only). The ETT is useful in confirmation of NC and walking capacity verification, but restriction of walking capacity should be carefully analysed.

• MeSH
• diabetické neuropatie patologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• elektrofyziologie MeSH
• elektromyografie MeSH
• H-reflex fyziologie   MeSH
• horní končetina patofyziologie   MeSH
• intermitentní klaudikace etiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lumbosakrální krajina diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• motorické evokované potenciály MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• rentgendiagnostika MeSH
• spinální stenóza komplikace   diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• zátěžový test MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Interstitial lung diseases very often do not only affect the lung tissue, but are part of multisystem diseases. Awareness of their classification and differential diagnosis therefore does not belong only to respiratory departments, but shall be acknowledged by all specialisations. It is obvious that the approach to a patient with life-threatening disease or acute onset of symptoms differently then patients with slow disease onset or "accidentally" detected lung abnormalities. The presented manuscript brings a differential diagnostic approach to facilitate orientation in the field of interstitial ling diseases.

• Klíčová slova
• Interstitial lung diseases, classification, differential diagnosis, examination methods, interstitial lung disease,
• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• intersticiální plicní nemoci * diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The author builds upon present definition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and states that diagnosis of COPD is based on history of risk factors and on presence of bronchial obstruction which is not entirely reversible. The main examination method for diagnosing and confirmation of COPD is spirometry. Differential diagnostics is necessary for identifying other diseases with similar symptoms: bronchial asthma, congestive heart failure, lung carcinoma, bronchiectasia, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchitis obliterans, interstitial pulmonary processes. The author presents a list of symptoms and findings which help to distinguish these diseases from COPD.

• MeSH
• chronická obstrukční plicní nemoc diagnóza   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the Uniform Data Set (UDS) 2 battery in distinguishing between individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) attributable to Alzheimer's disease (MCI-AD) and those with MCI due to other causes (MCI-nonAD), based on contemporary AT(N) biomarker criteria. Despite the implementation of the novel UDS 3 battery, the UDS 2 battery is still used in several non-English-speaking countries. METHODS: We employed a cross-sectional design. A total of 113 Czech participants with MCI underwent a comprehensive diagnostic assessment, including cerebrospinal fluid biomarker evaluation, resulting in two groups: 45 individuals with prodromal AD (A+T+) and 68 participants with non-Alzheimer's pathological changes or normal AD biomarkers (A-). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed with neuropsychological test scores and demographic variables as predictors and AD status as an outcome. Model 1 included UDS 2 scores that differed between AD and non-AD groups (Logical Memory delayed recall), Model 2 employed also Letter Fluency and Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). The two models were compared using area under the receiver operating characteristic curves. We also created separate logistic regression models for each of the UDS 2 scores. RESULTS: Worse performance in delayed recall of Logical Memory significantly predicted the presence of positive AD biomarkers. In addition, the inclusion of Letter Fluency RAVLT into the model significantly enhanced its discriminative capacity. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that using Letter Fluency and RAVLT alongside the UDS 2 battery can enhance its potential for differential diagnostics.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer’s disease, Assessment, Mild cognitive impairment,
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * diagnóza   mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• amyloidní beta-protein mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• biologické markery * mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy * normy   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• proteiny tau mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amyloidní beta-protein MeSH
• biologické markery * MeSH
• proteiny tau MeSH

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Women expel various kinds of fluids during sexual activities. These are manifestations of sexual arousal and orgasm or coital incontinence. This study is aimed at suggesting a diagnostic scheme to differentiate among these phenomena. METHODS: Web of Science and Ovid (MEDLINE) databases were systematically searched from 1950 to 2017 for articles on various fluid expulsion phenomena in women during sexual activities, which contain relevant information on sources and composition of the expelled fluids. RESULTS: An ultra-filtrate of blood plasma of variable quantity, which is composed of transvaginal transudate at sexual stimulation, enables vaginal lubrication. Female ejaculation (FE) is the secretion of a few milliliters of thick, milky fluid by the female prostate (Skene's glands) during orgasm, which contains prostate-specific antigen. Squirting (SQ) is defined as the orgasmic transurethral expulsion of tenths of milliliters of a form of urine containing various concentrations of urea, creatinine, and uric acid. FE and SQ are two phenomena with different mechanisms. Coital incontinence (CI) could be classified into penetration and orgasm forms, which could be associated with stress urinary incontinence or detrusor hyperactivity. CONCLUSION: Squirting, FE, and CI are different phenomena with various mechanisms and could be differentiated according to source, quantity, expulsion mechanism, and subjective feelings during sexual activities.

• Klíčová slova
• Coital incontinence, Female ejaculation, Female prostate, Squirting, Vaginal lubrication,
• MeSH
• ejakulace * fyziologie   MeSH
• koitus * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• orgasmus * MeSH
• sexuální chování MeSH
• stresová inkontinence moči patofyziologie   MeSH
• tělesné sekrety fyziologie   MeSH
• uretra MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Psychosocial consequences and results of diagnosis of dementia are cited, and the risk of false positive misdiagnosis is stressed. We notice importance of multidimensional comprehensive approach and assessment. The list of most important causes of misdiagnosis of dementia as well as of the functional decompensation is presented with special focusing on delirium.

• MeSH
• chybná diagnóza * MeSH
• delirium diagnóza   MeSH
• demence diagnóza   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• falešně pozitivní reakce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH