The first organized doping controls were carried out in the 1970s. In 1993, the Czech Antidoping Charter was signed and the Antidoping Committee was established. The medical commission of International Olympic Committee decides, which substances and methods are prohibited. The current classification is as follows: I. prohibited classes of substances--stimulants, narcotics, anabolic agents, diuretics and some hormones. II. prohibited methods--blood doping and pharmaceutical, chemical or physical manipulation. III. classes of drugs subject to certain restrictions--alcohol, marijuana, local anesthetics, corticosteroids and beta blockers. All substances are characterized from the ergogenic viewpoint and health risks are particularly emphasized. In practice, doping control starts by drawing the athletes and ends by urine sample analysis in a special laboratory. In case of positive results, the sportsman is banned from sports activity for 3 months, 2 years or for the rest of his life. In 24 worldwide laboratories in 1995 93,938 urine samples were analyzed. 1516 (1.61%) proved to be positive, including 986 anabolic steroid use. In 1997, the Czech laboratory carried out 843 checks, of which 15 (1.7%) were positive. The largest positive doping group were body builders. Doping poses a major risk among junior sportsmen. Prevalence worldwide is estimated at 2-10% of the male population. In the future a severe antidoping attitude, as well as antidoping enlightenment, are certain to continue. By these standards the activity of the Czech Antidoping Committee is on a very high level.

• MeSH
• doping ve sportu * zákonodárství a právo   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odhalování abúzu drog MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• DRUG ADDICTION *, PLACEBOS *, PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY *, SPORT MEDICINE *, TOXICOLOGIC REPORT *,
• MeSH
• doping ve sportu * MeSH
• neuropsychiatrie * MeSH
• placebo * MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek * MeSH
• psychofarmakologie * MeSH
• tělovýchovné lékařství * MeSH
• toxikologie * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• placebo * MeSH

BACKGROUND: Although performance-enhancing drugs appear to be prevalent in adolescent sports, relatively little attention has been paid to why adolescent athletes decide to use these drugs. In this study, we examine doping among adolescents from a motivational perspective and explore how motivational variables, such as achievement goal orientations and the perceived self-determination of sports activities, may be related to moral attitudes, doping intentions and doping behavior in adolescents who participate in competitive sports. METHODOLOGY: The study included 1035 adolescents participating in competitive sports from all regions of the Czech Republic (mean age = 16.3 years). The respondents completed a battery of questionnaires assessing their achievement goal orientations (task, ego), sports motivation at various levels of self-determination (intrinsic motivation, external regulation, amotivation), moral attitudes toward sport competition (acceptance of cheating, keeping winning in proportion, attitudes toward doping), doping intentions and doping behavior. A structural equation model was used to test the relations among motivational variables, attitudes, intentions and doping behavior. PRINCIPAL RESULTS: Our analyses indicated a good fit with the proposed model, which explained 59% of the variance in doping intentions and 17.6% of the variance in doping behavior. Within the model, task orientation was positively associated with intrinsic motivation and lower amotivation, whereas ego orientation was positively associated with extrinsic regulation and amotivation. Furthermore, intrinsic motivation was positively associated with keeping winning in proportion and negatively associated with acceptance of cheating and attitudes toward doping; the less self-determined forms of motivation showed opposite relationships. However, only the acceptance of cheating and attitudes toward doping were related to doping intention, which subsequently predicted doping behavior. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The results provide further evidence that sports motivation represents a psychological variable that should be considered in anti-doping policies, programs, and interventions aimed at the adolescent population because motivation was linked to the doping-related attitudinal variables and also partially mediated the effect of achievement goal orientations in this regard. On the basis of these results, we may argue that the focus on intrinsic enjoyment, self-referenced criteria of success and self-improvement may be related to more negative attitudes toward doping and cheating, lower doping intentions and less frequent doping behavior, whereas the emphasis on competition, comparison with others and external motivation appear to be related to the opposite outcomes.

• MeSH
• doping ve sportu psychologie   MeSH
• látky zvyšující výkon škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• motivace MeSH
• mravy MeSH
• postoj MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• psychometrie MeSH
• sportovci psychologie   MeSH
• sporty psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky zvyšující výkon MeSH

In the second part of this study, a systematic comparison was made between two ion fragmentation acquisition modes, namely data-independent acquisition (DIA) and DIA with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) technology. These two approaches were applied to the analysis of 192 doping agents in urine. Group I included 102 compounds such as stimulants, diuretics, narcotics, and β2-agonists, while Group II contained 90 compounds included steroids, glucocorticoids, and hormone and metabolic modulators. Important method parameters were examined and compared, including the fragmentation, sensitivity, and assignment capability with the minimum occurrence of false positive hits. The results differed between Group I and II in number of detected fragments when exploring the MS/MS spectra. In Group I only 13%, while in the Group II 64% of the substances had a higher number of fragments in DIA-IMS mode vs. DIA. In terms of sensitivity, the performance of the two modes with and without activated IMS dimension was identical for about 50% of the doping agents. The sensitivity was higher without IMS, i.e. in simple DIA mode, for 20-40% of remaining doping agents. Despite this sensitivity reduction with IMS, 82% of compounds from both Groups met the minimum required performance level (MRPL) criteria of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) when the DIA-IMS mode was applied. Automated data processing is important in routine doping analysis. Therefore, processing methods were optimized and evaluated for the prevalence of false peak assignments by analysing the target substances at different concentrations in urine samples. Overall, a significantly higher number of misidentified compounds was observed in Group II, with an almost 2-fold higher number of misidentifications in DIA compared to DIA-IMS. This result highlights the benefit of the IMS dimension to reduce the rate of false positive in screening analysis. The optimized UHPLC-IM-HRMS method was finally applied to the analysis of urine samples from administration studies including nine doping agents from both Groups. However, to limit the number of interferences from the biological matrix, an emphasis is needed on the adequate settings of the data processing method.

• Klíčová slova
• Anti-Doping analysis, Collision cross section, High resolution mass spectrometry, Ion mobility spectrometry, Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography,
• MeSH
• doping ve sportu * MeSH
• glukokortikoidy MeSH
• iontová mobilní spektrometrie * MeSH
• narkotika MeSH
• steroidy MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glukokortikoidy MeSH
• narkotika MeSH
• steroidy MeSH

This study shows the possibility offered by modern ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry in doping control analysis. A high throughput screening method was developed for 100 substances belonging to the challenging classes of anabolic agents, hormones and metabolic modulators, synthetic cannabinoids and glucocorticoids, which should be detected at low concentrations in urine. To selectively extract these doping agents from urine, a supported liquid extraction procedure was implemented in a 48-well plate format. At the tested concentration levels ranging from 0.5 to 5 ng/mL, the recoveries were better than 70% for 48-68% of the compounds and higher than 50% for 83-87% of the tested substances. Due to the numerous interferences related to isomers of steroids and ions produced by the loss of water in the electrospray source, the choice of SFC separation conditions was very challenging. After careful optimization, a Diol stationary phase was employed. The total analysis time for the screening assay was only 8 min, and interferences as well as susceptibility to matrix effect (ME) were minimized. With the developed method, about 70% of the compounds had relative ME within the range ±20%, at a concentration of 1 and 5 ng/mL. Finally, limits of detection achieved with the above-described strategy including 5-fold preconcentration were below 0.1 ng/mL for the majority of the tested compounds. Therefore, LODs were systematically better than the minimum required performance levels established by the World anti-doping agency, except for very few metabolites.

• Klíčová slova
• Doping agents, Steroids, Supercritical fluid chromatography, Supported liquid extraction, Tandem mass spectrometry, Urine,
• MeSH
• anabolika moč   MeSH
• doping ve sportu * MeSH
• glukokortikoidy moč   MeSH
• kanabinoidy moč   MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• superkritická fluidní chromatografie metody   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anabolika MeSH
• glukokortikoidy MeSH
• kanabinoidy MeSH

• MeSH
• doping ve sportu * zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH

In this series of two papers, 192 doping agents belonging to the classes of stimulants, narcotics, cannabinoids, diuretics, β2-agonists, β-blockers, anabolic agents, and hormone and metabolic modulators were investigated, with the aim to assess the benefits and limitations of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) in combination with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in anti-doping analysis. In this first part, a generic UHPLC-IM-HRMS method was successfully developed to analyze these 192 doping agents in standard solutions and urine samples, and an exhaustive database including retention times, TWCCSN2 values, and m/z ratios was constructed. Urine samples were analyzed using either a simple "dilute and shoot" procedure or a supported liquid-liquid extraction (SLE) procedure, depending on the physicochemical properties of the compounds and sensitivity criteria established by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as the minimum required performance levels (MRPL). Then, the precision of the generic UHPLC-IM-HRMS method was assessed as intraday, interday as well as interweek variation of UHPLC retention times and TWCCSN2 values, for which RSD the values were always lower than 2% in urine samples. The possibility to filter MS data using IMS dimension was also investigated, and in average, the application of IMS filtration provided low energy MS spectra with 86% less interfering peaks in both standard and urine samples. Therefore, the filtered MS spectra allowed for an easier interpretation and a lower risk of false positive result interpretations. Finally, IMS also offers additional selectivity to the UHPLC-HRMS enabling to separate isobaric and isomeric substances. Among the selected set of 192 doping agents, there were 30 pairs of isobaric or isomeric compounds, and only two pairs could not be resolved under the developed conditions. This illustrates the potential of adding ion mobility to UHPLC-HRMS in anti-doping analyses.

• Klíčová slova
• Collision cross section, Doping analysis, High resolution mass spectrometry, Ion mobility spectrometry, Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography,
• MeSH
• anabolika * MeSH
• doping ve sportu * MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• iontová mobilní spektrometrie MeSH
• odhalování abúzu drog MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anabolika * MeSH

The potential and applicability of UHPSFC-MS/MS for anti-doping screening in urine samples were tested for the first time. For this purpose, a group of 110 doping agents with diverse physicochemical properties was analyzed using two separation techniques, namely UHPLC-MS/MS and UHPSFC-MS/MS in both ESI+ and ESI- modes. The two approaches were compared in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, linearity and matrix effects. As expected, very diverse retentions and selectivities were obtained in UHPLC and UHPSFC, proving a good complementarity of these analytical strategies. In both conditions, acceptable peak shapes and MS detection capabilities were obtained within 7 min analysis time, enabling the application of these two methods for screening purposes. Method sensitivity was found comparable for 46% of tested compounds, while higher sensitivity was observed for 21% of tested compounds in UHPLC-MS/MS and for 32% in UHPSFC-MS/MS. The latter demonstrated a lower susceptibility to matrix effects, which were mostly observed as signal suppression. In the case of UHPLC-MS/MS, more serious matrix effects were observed, leading typically to signal enhancement and the matrix effect was also concentration dependent, i.e., more significant matrix effects occurred at the lowest concentrations.

• Klíčová slova
• Biological samples, Doping agents, Matrix effects, Ultra high performance liquid chromatography, Ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography, Urine,
• MeSH
• anestetika lokální analýza   normy   MeSH
• antidepresiva analýza   normy   MeSH
• doping ve sportu * MeSH
• ionty chemie   MeSH
• látky zvyšující výkon analýza   normy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• referenční standardy MeSH
• superkritická fluidní chromatografie * normy   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie normy   MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie * normy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anestetika lokální MeSH
• antidepresiva MeSH
• ionty MeSH
• látky zvyšující výkon MeSH

The conditions for the analysis of selected doping substances by UHPSFC-MS/MS were optimized to ensure suitable peak shapes and maximized MS responses. A representative mixture of 31 acidic and basic doping agents was analyzed, in both ESI+ and ESI- modes. The best compromise for all compounds in terms of MS sensitivity and chromatographic performance was obtained when adding 2% water and 10mM ammonium formate in the CO2/MeOH mobile phase. Beside mobile phase, the nature of the make-up solvent added for interfacing UHPSFC with MS was also evaluated. Ethanol was found to be the best candidate as it was able to compensate for the negative effect of 2% water addition in ESI- mode and provided a suitable MS response for all doping agents. Sensitivity of the optimized UHPSFC-MS/MS method was finally assessed and compared to the results obtained in conventional UHPLC-MS/MS. Sensitivity was improved by 5-100-fold in UHPSFC-MS/MS vs. UHPLC-MS/MS for 56% of compounds, while only one compound (bumetanide) offered a significantly higher MS response (4-fold) under UHPLC-MS/MS conditions. In the second paper of this series, the optimal conditions for UHPSFC-MS/MS analysis will be employed to screen >100 doping agents in urine matrix and results will be compared to those obtained by conventional UHPLC-MS/MS.

• Klíčová slova
• Doping agents, Make-up solvent, Mobile phase, Ultra high performance liquid chromatography, Ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography,
• MeSH
• doping ve sportu * MeSH
• ionty chemie   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• látky zvyšující výkon analýza   normy   MeSH
• methanol chemie   MeSH
• oxid uhličitý chemie   MeSH
• referenční standardy MeSH
• superkritická fluidní chromatografie metody   normy   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie metody   normy   MeSH
• voda chemie   MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody   normy   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ionty MeSH
• látky zvyšující výkon MeSH
• methanol MeSH
• oxid uhličitý MeSH
• voda MeSH

In doping controls it is important to exclude essential substances that are not in the list of forbidden drugs. Similarly it is important as well for these drugs to be proved in analgesic mixture abuse. An example being the proof of amidopyrine and its metabolites, further on p-phenetidine as a metabolie of phenacetin in alkaline urine extracts. Results are given in using thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography and the identification by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

• MeSH
• aminopyrin moč   MeSH
• analgetika moč   MeSH
• chemické jevy MeSH
• chemie MeSH
• doping ve sportu * MeSH
• fenacetin moč   MeSH
• fenetidin moč   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminopyrin MeSH
• analgetika MeSH
• fenacetin MeSH
• fenetidin MeSH